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GMOs vs superfoods | Ikusasa Lokudla P3

UDavid Tal, Umshicileli, i-Futurist
@DavidTalWrites
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ULwesibili, 09/15/2020 - 08:16

Iningi labantu lizosizonda lesi sitolimende sesithathu sekusasa lethu lochungechunge lokudla. Futhi ingxenye embi kakhulu yizizathu ezibangela le hatorade izoba ngokomzwelo kakhulu kunokwaziswa. Kepha maye, yonke into engezansi idinga ukushiwo, futhi wamukelekile kakhulu ukuvutha esigabeni sokuphawula esingezansi.

Ezingxenyeni ezimbili zokuqala zalolu chungechunge, ufunde ukuthi ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokugcwala ngokweqile kwabantu kuzofaka kanjani isandla ekuswelekeni kokudla okuzayo kanye nokuntengantenga okungenzeka ezingxenyeni ezisathuthuka zomhlaba. Kepha manje sesizophenyisisa bese siqala ukuxoxa ngamaqhinga ahlukene ososayensi, abalimi, nohulumeni abazowasebenzisa emashumini eminyaka ezayo ukuze basindise umhlaba endlaleni—futhi mhlawumbe, ukuze basisindise sonke ezweni elimnyama, lesikhathi esizayo. ukudla imifino.

Ngakho-ke ake siqale izinto ngesifinyezo sezinhlamvu ezintathu ezesabekayo: GMO.

Ayini Ama-Genetically Modified Organisms?

I-Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) yizitshalo noma izilwane iresiphi yazo yofuzo ishintshiwe ngezithako ezintsha, izinhlanganisela, namanani kusetshenziswa izindlela zokupheka eziyinkimbinkimbi zobunjiniyela bofuzo. Empeleni kuyinqubo yokubhala kabusha incwadi yokupheka yempilo ngenhloso yokwakha izitshalo ezintsha noma izilwane ezinezici ezicacile nezifunayo (noma ezikuthandayo, uma sifuna ukunamathela kusingathekiso sethu sokupheka). Futhi sesinesikhathi eside sikulokhu.

Eqinisweni, abantu baye benza izakhi zofuzo iminyaka eyinkulungwane. Okhokho bethu basebenzisa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukukhetha ukukhetha lapho babethatha izinhlobo zezitshalo zasendle bazikhulise nezinye izitshalo. Ngemva kokukhulisa izinkathi zokulima ezimbalwa, lezi zitshalo zasendle ezixubene zaphenduka izinguqulo ezifuywayo esizithandayo nesizidlayo namuhla. Esikhathini esidlule, le nqubo yayizothatha iminyaka, futhi kwezinye izimo izizukulwane, ziphele—futhi konke ukwenza izitshalo ezibukeka kangcono, zinambitheka kangcono, ezikwazi ukumelana nesomiso, futhi zikhiqize isivuno esingcono.

Izimiso ezifanayo ziyasebenza nasezilwaneni. Okwake kwaba yi-aurochs (inkabi yasendle) kwakhuliswa izizukulwane ngezizukulwane enkomeni yobisi yase-Holstein ekhiqiza ubisi oluningi esiluphuzayo namuhla. Futhi izingulube zasendle, zazaliswa ezingulubeni ezihlala phezu kwamabhega ethu ngobhekeni omnandi.

Kodwa-ke, ngama-GMO, ososayensi bathatha le nqubo yokuzalanisa ekhethiwe bese bengeza uphethiloli we-rocket kule ngxube, inzuzo ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezintsha zidalwe esikhathini esingaphansi kweminyaka emibili. (Izilwane ze-GMO azisabalali kangako ngenxa yemithetho enzima ebekwe kuzo, nangenxa yokuthi ama-genomes azo ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuhlanganisa ama-genome ezitshalo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi azoba yindawo evamile.) U-Nathanael Johnson waseGrist wabhala isifinyezo esihle kakhulu isayensi ngemuva kokudla kwe-GMO uma ungathanda ukuphuma; kodwa ngokuvamile, ama-GMO asetshenziswa kwezinye izinkambu ezihlukahlukene futhi azoba nomthelela ofinyelela ububanzi ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke emashumini eminyaka ezayo.

Vala ucingo kummeli omubi

Siqeqeshwe abezindaba ukuba sikholwe ukuthi ama-GMO mabi futhi enziwa ama-giant, ama-devil corporations anentshisekelo yokwenza imali kuphela ngokukhokhela abalimi yonke indawo. Kwanele ukusho ukuthi, ama-GMO anenkinga yesithombe. Futhi uma sikhuluma iqiniso, ezinye zezizathu ezibangela lo mmeleli omubi zisemthethweni.

Abanye ososayensi kanye nephesenti eleqile labadla ukudla emhlabeni wonke abakholelwa ukuthi ama-GMO aphephile ukuthi angadliwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abanye baze bacabange ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwalokho kudla kungase kuholele i-allergies kubantu.

Kukhona futhi ukukhathazeka kwangempela kwezemvelo ezizungeze ama-GMO. Kusukela yethulwa ngawo-1980s, izitshalo eziningi ze-GMO zadalwa ukuze zingavikeleki ezibulala-zinambuzane nezibulala ukhula. Lokhu kwavumela abalimi, isibonelo, ukuba bafafaze amasimu abo ngezithako eziningi zokubulala ukhula ukuze babulale ukhula ngaphandle kokubulala izitshalo zabo. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le nqubo yaholela okhulani olusha olumelana nokubulala ukhula olwaludinga imithamo enobuthi eyengeziwe yemithi yokubulala ukhula efanayo noma enamandla ukuze ilubulale. Akukhona nje ukuthi lobu buthi bungena emhlabathini nasendaweni ezungezile ngobubanzi, futhi buyisizathu sokuthi kungani kufanele ugeze izithelo nemifino yakho ngaphambi kokuba ukudle!

Kukhona futhi ingozi yangempela yokuthi izitshalo ze-GMO nezilwane zibalekela endle, okungase kuphazamise imvelo yemvelo ngezindlela ezingalindelekile nomaphi lapho zethulwa khona.

Okokugcina, ukuntula ukuqonda nolwazi mayelana nama-GMO ngokwengxenye kuqhutshwa abakhiqizi bemikhiqizo ye-GMO. Uma sibheka e-US, izifundazwe eziningi azilebuli ukuthi ukudla okuthengiswa ngamaketanga egrosa kuwumkhiqizo we-GMO ngokugcwele noma ngokwengxenye. Lokhu kushoda kwezinto obala kubangela ukungazi phakathi komphakathi jikelele mayelana nalolu daba, futhi kunciphisa uxhaso olufanele nokwesekwa kwesayensi iyonke.

Ama-GMO azodla umhlaba

Kuwo wonke ama-negative press GMO ukudla okutholayo, 60 kumaphesenti angu-70 ekudleni esikudlayo namuhla kakade kuqukethe izakhi ze-GMO ngokwengxenye noma ngokugcwele, ngokusho kukaBill Freese weSikhungo Sokuphepha Kokudla, inhlangano elwa ne-GMO. Lokho akunzima ukukukholelwa uma ucabanga ukuthi isitashi sombila se-GMO esikhiqizwe ngobuningi kanye namaprotheni e-soy asetshenziswa emikhiqizweni eminingi yokudla yanamuhla. Futhi emashumini eminyaka azayo, leli phesenti lizokhuphuka kuphela.

Kodwa njengoba sifunda ku yingxenye eyodwa yalolu chungechunge, idlanzana lezinhlobo zezitshalo esizikhulisayo esikalini sezimboni zingaba ama-divas uma kuziwa ezimweni ezizidingayo ukuze zikhule zifinyelele amandla azo aphelele. Isimo sezulu ezikhula kuso asikwazi ukushisa kakhulu noma ukubanda kakhulu, futhi zidinga isilinganiso esifanele samanzi. Kodwa ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okuzayo, singena ezweni elizoshisa kakhulu futhi lome kakhulu. Singena emhlabeni lapho sizobona khona ukuncipha kokukhiqizwa kokudla ngamaphesenti angu-18 (okubangelwa indawo yokulima etholakala kancane elungele ukukhiqizwa kwezilimo), njengoba nje kudingeka sikhiqize ukudla okwengeziwe okungamaphesenti angu-50 ukuze sihlangabezane nezidingo zokutshala kwethu. inani labantu. Futhi izinhlobo zezitshalo esizitshalayo namuhla, iningi lazo ngeke likwazi ukubhekana nezinselele zakusasa.

Kalula nje, sidinga izinhlobo zezitshalo ezidliwayo ezintsha ezimelana nezifo, ezimelana nezinambuzane, ezimelana nokubulala ukhula, ezimelana nesomiso, ezinosawoti (amanzi anosawoti), ezikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishisayo, kuyilapho zikhula kahle kakhulu, zinikeza ukudla okunomsoco ( amavithamini), futhi mhlawumbe ingabi ne-gluten. (Isaziso esiseceleni, ingabe ukungabekezelelani gluten akusona yini isimo esibi kakhulu esake saba khona? Cabanga ngazo zonke lezo zinkwa ezimnandi namakhekhe laba bantu abangakwazi ukuwadla. Kuyadabukisa kakhulu.)

Izibonelo zokudla kwe-GMO okwenza umthelela wangempela sezivele zibonakale emhlabeni wonke—izibonelo ezintathu ezisheshayo:

E-Uganda, ubhanana uyingxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwase-Uganda (umuntu wase-Uganda ovamile udla iphawundi ngosuku) futhi ungomunye wezitshalo ezihamba phambili ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Kodwa ngo-2001, isifo sokushwabana kwamagciwane sasakazeka engxenyeni enkulu yezwe, sabulala ngokufanayo ingxenye yesivuno sikabhanana e-Uganda. I-wilt yaphela lapho i-National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO) yase-Uganda yenza ubhanana we-GMO owawunofuzo lukapelepele oluhlaza; lesi sakhi sofuzo sidala uhlobo lwezivikeli mzimba ngaphakathi kwebhanana, lubulale amangqamuzana anegciwane ukuze asindise isitshalo.

Bese kuba khona i-spud ethobekile. Amazambane adlala indima enkulu ekudleni kwethu kwesimanje, kodwa uhlobo olusha lwamazambane lungase luvule inkathi entsha ekukhiqizweni kokudla. Okwamanje, 98 amaphesenti amanzi omhlaba anosawoti ( anosawoti ), amaphesenti angu-50 omhlaba wokulima asongelwa amanzi anosawoti, futhi abantu abayizigidi ezingu-250 emhlabeni wonke bahlala emhlabathini onosawoti, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka. Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba izitshalo eziningi azikwazi ukukhula emanzini anosawoti—lokho kuze kube yiqembu Ososayensi baseDashi bakha amazambane okuqala abekezelela usawoti. Lokhu kuqanjwa kabusha kungase kube nomthelela omkhulu emazweni afana nePakistan neBangladesh, lapho izindawo ezinkulu ezigcwele izikhukhula namanzi olwandle angcolile zingenziwa zikhiqizele ukulima futhi.

Ekugcineni, Rubisco. Igama elingavamile, elizwakalayo lesiNtaliyane ngokuqinisekile, kodwa futhi lingenye yezinhlamvu ezingcwele zesayensi yezitshalo. Lena i-enzyme eyisihluthulelo senqubo ye-photosynthesis kukho konke ukuphila kwezitshalo; ngokuyisisekelo iphrotheni eshintsha i-CO2 ibe ushukela. Ososayensi bathole indlela yoku thuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwaleli phrotheni ukuze iguqule amandla amaningi elanga abe ushukela. Ngokwenza ngcono le enzyme yesitshalo esisodwa, singakhulisa isivuno somhlaba wonke sezitshalo ezifana nokolweni nerayisi ngamaphesenti angama-60, zonke zinezindawo zokulima ezincane kanye nomanyolo omncane.

Ukunyuka kwe-synthetic biology

Okokuqala, kwakukhona ukuzalanisa okukhethiwe, kwabe sekufika ama-GMO, futhi maduze kuzovela isiyalo esisha esizothatha indawo yazo zombili: i-synthetic biology. Lapho ukuzalanisa okukhethiwe kuhilela abantu abadlala i-eHarmony nezitshalo nezilwane, nalapho ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo be-GMO buhilela ukukopisha, ukusika, nokunamathisela izakhi zofuzo ezihlanganisweni ezintsha, i-synthetic biology isayensi yokudala izakhi zofuzo nawo wonke umucu we-DNA kusukela ekuqaleni. Lokhu kuzoshintsha umdlalo.

Okwenza ososayensi benethemba kangaka ngale sayensi entsha yingoba izokwenza ibhayoloji yamangqamuzana ifane nobunjiniyela bendabuko, lapho unezinto ezibikezelwayo ezingahlanganiswa ngezindlela ezibikezelwe. Lokho kusho ukuthi njengoba le sayensi ikhula, ngeke kusaba khona ukuqagela ukuthi sizishintsha kanjani izisekelo zempilo. Empeleni, izonikeza isayensi ukulawula okuphelele kwemvelo, amandla ngokusobala azoba nomthelela obanzi kuzo zonke isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezempilo. Eqinisweni, imakethe yebhayoloji yokwenziwa izokhula ifinyelele ku-$38.7 billion ngo-2020.

Kodwa buyela ekudleni. Nge-synthetic biology, ososayensi bazokwazi ukwenza izinhlobo ezintsha zokudla noma ama-twist amasha ekudleni okukhona. Isibonelo, i-Muufri, isiqalo saseSilicon Valley, sisebenzela ubisi olungenazilwane. Ngokufanayo, enye isiqalo, i-Solazyme, ikhiqiza ufulawa osekelwe ku-algae, i-protein powder, namafutha esundu. Lezi zibonelo nokunye kuzocutshungulwa ngokuqhubekayo engxenyeni yokugcina yalolu chungechunge lapho sizokhuluma ngokuthi ukudla kwakho kwesikhathi esizayo kuzobukeka kanjani.

Kodwa linda, kuthiwani ngama-Superfoods?

Manje ngayo yonke le nkulumo emayelana nama-GMO nokudla kwe-Franken, kulungile kuphela ukuthatha iminithi ukukhuluma ngeqembu elisha le-superfoods konke okungokwemvelo.

Kusukela namuhla, sinezitshalo ezidliwayo ezingaphezu kuka-50,000 emhlabeni, nokho sidla ingcosana yaleyo nsada. Kunengqondo ngandlela thile, ngokugxila kuphela ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezimbalwa, singaba ochwepheshe ekukhiqizeni kwazo futhi sizikhulise ngezinga. Kodwa lokhu kuthembela ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezimbalwa kwenza inethiwekhi yethu yezolimo ibe sengozini enkulu yezifo ezihlukahlukene kanye nemiphumela ekhulayo yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Kungakho, njenganoma yimuphi umhleli omuhle wezezimali angakutshela, ukuze sivikele inhlalakahle yethu yesikhathi esizayo, sidinga ukuhlukahluka. Kuzodingeka sandise isibalo sezitshalo esizidlayo. Ngenhlanhla, sesivele sibona izibonelo zezinhlobo zezitshalo ezintsha ezamukelwayo endaweni yemakethe. Isibonelo esisobala yi-quinoa, okusanhlamvu kwase-Andean okudume ngakho eminyakeni yamuva nje.

Kodwa okwenza i-quinoa yathandwa kangaka akukhona ukuthi yintsha, yingoba inamaprotheni amaningi, ine-fibre ephindwe kabili kunezinye izinhlamvu eziningi, ayinayo i-gluten, futhi iqukethe uchungechunge lwamavithamini abalulekile adingwa umzimba wethu. Yingakho kubhekwa njenge-superfood. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuwukudla okunamandla okuye kwaba ngaphansi kokuphazanyiswa okuncane kakhulu kofuzo, uma kukhona.

Ngokuzayo, okuningi kwalokhu kudla okunethezekile okwake kwangacacile kuzongena endaweni yethu yemakethe. Izitshalo like enyeo, okusanhlamvu kwaseNtshonalanga Afrika okumelana nesomiso ngokwemvelo, okucebile ngamaprotheni, okungenayo i-gluten, futhi okudinga umanyolo omncane. Iphinde ibe ngenye yezinhlamvu ezikhula ngokushesha emhlabeni, ezivuthwa emasontweni ayisithupha kuya kwayisishiyagalombili kuphela. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, eMexico, okusanhlamvu okuthiwa i-amaranth imelana ngokwemvelo nesomiso, amazinga okushisa aphezulu, kanye nezifo, kuyilapho icebile ngamaprotheni kanye ne-gluten. Ezinye izitshalo ongase uzwe ngazo emashumini eminyaka ezayo zihlanganisa: amabele, amabele, irayisi lasendle, teff, farro, khorasan, einkorn, emmer, nezinye.

I-hybrid agri-future enezilawuli zokuphepha

Ngakho-ke sinama-GMO nama-superfoods, azowina emashumini eminyaka ezayo? Eqinisweni, ikusasa lizobona ingxube yakho kokubili. I-Superfoods izokwandisa izinhlobonhlobo zokudla kwethu futhi ivikele imboni yezolimo emhlabeni wonke ekuqeqesheni ngokweqile, kanti ama-GMO azovikela ukudla kwethu okuyisisekelo ezindaweni eziyingozi kakhulu ezizolethwa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu emashumini eminyaka ezayo.

Kodwa ekugcineni kosuku, ngama-GMO esikhathazeka ngawo. Njengoba singena ezweni lapho i-synthetic biology (synbio) izoba uhlobo oluvelele lokukhiqizwa kwe-GMO, ohulumeni bakusasa kuyodingeka bavumelane ngezivikelo ezifanele zokuqondisa le sayensi ngaphandle kokuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwayo ngezizathu ezingenangqondo. Uma ubheka esikhathini esizayo, lezi zindlela zokuvikela cishe zizofaka:

Ukuvumela ukuhlolwa kwensimu elawulwayo ngezinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo ze-synbio ngaphambi kokulima kwazo okusabalele. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukuhlola lezi zitshalo ezintsha emapulazini angaphakathi aqondile, angaphansi komhlaba, noma izinga lokushisa elilawulwayo elingakwazi ukulingisa ngokunembile izimo zemvelo yangaphandle.

Ukuvikela ubunjiniyela (lapho kungenzeka) kuzakhi zofuzo zezitshalo ze-synbio ezizosebenza njenge-switch switch, ukuze zingakwazi ukukhula ngaphandle kwezifunda lapho zigunyazwe ukuthi zikhule. I isayensi ngemuva kwalesi sici sofuzo sokubulala manje isingokoqobo, futhi ingakhulula ukwesaba kokudla kwe-synbio okubalekela endaweni ebanzi ngezindlela ezingalindelekile.

Ukwenyuswa kwezimali emigwaqweni kazwelonke yokuphatha ukudla ukuze kubuyekezwe kahle amakhulu amaningi, ngokushesha izinkulungwane, zezitshalo nezilwane ezintsha ze-synbio ezizokhiqizwa ukuze zisetshenziselwe ukuhweba, njengoba ubuchwepheshe obusemuva kwe-synbio buya bushibhile ngasekupheleni kwawo-2020.

Imithetho emisha futhi engaguquguquki yamazwe ngamazwe, esekelwe kwisayensi ekudalweni, ukulima nokudayiswa kwezitshalo nezilwane ze-synbio, lapho ukugunyazwa kokuthengiswa kwazo kusekelwe ezicini zalezi zindlela zokuphila ezintsha esikhundleni sendlela ezikhiqizwa ngayo. Le mithethonqubo izolawulwa inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe exhaswe amazwe angamalungu futhi izosiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuhwebelana okuphephile kokuthunyelwa kokudla ngaphandle kwe-synbio.

Ukungafihli. Cishe leli yiphuzu elibaluleke kunawo wonke. Ukuze umphakathi wamukele ama-GMO noma ukudla kwe-synbio nganoma yiluphi uhlobo, izinkampani ezizenzayo zidinga ukutshala izinto obala ngokugcwele—lokho kusho ukuthi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-2020, konke ukudla kuzobhalwa ngokunembile ngemininingwane egcwele yemvelaphi yakho ye-GM noma ye-synbio. Futhi njengoba isidingo sezitshalo ze-synbio sikhuphuka, sizoqala ukubona amadola amakhulu okuthengisa achithwa ukufundisa abathengi ngezinzuzo zezempilo nezemvelo zokudla kwe-synbio. Inhloso yalo mkhankaso we-PR kuzoba ukubandakanya umphakathi engxoxweni ephusile mayelana nokudla kwe-synbio ngaphandle kokuthi “ngeke umuntu acabange ngezingane” izinhlobo zezimpikiswano ezenqaba ngokuphelele isayensi.

Nakho-ke usunakho. Manje usuwazi okwengeziwe ngomhlaba wama-GMO kanye nokudla okuphezulu, kanye nengxenye azoyibamba ekusivikeleni esikhathini esizayo lapho ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokucindezela kwenani labantu kusongela ukutholakala kokudla emhlabeni wonke. Uma ibuswa kahle, izitshalo ze-GMO nokudla okuphambili kwakudala ndawonye kungavumela isintu ukuthi siphinde siphunyuke ogibeni lwaseMalthusian oluvusa ikhanda elibi njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyikhulu. Kodwa ukuba nokudla okusha nokungcono okufanele sikulime akusho lutho uma singabhekisi futhi indlela yokulima, yingakho ingxenye yesine yekusasa lethu lochungechunge lokudla luzogxila emapulazini nabalimi bakusasa.