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Madaidaicin kula da lafiya yana shiga cikin kwayoyin halittar ku: Makomar Lafiya P3

David Tal, Mawallafi, Futurist
@DavidTalWrites
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Talata, 09/15/2020 - 05:42

Muna shiga nan gaba inda magunguna za a keɓance su ga DNA ɗin ku kuma za a yi hasashen lafiyar ku nan gaba a lokacin haihuwa. Barka da zuwa nan gaba na ainihin magani.

A cikin babi na ƙarshe na shirinmu na Makomar Lafiya, mun bincika irin barazanar da ɗan adam ke fuskanta a halin yanzu ta hanyar juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta na duniya da annoba a nan gaba, da kuma sabbin abubuwan da masana'antar harhada magunguna tamu ke aiki a kai don yaƙar su. Amma faɗuwar waɗannan sabbin abubuwa shine a cikin ƙirar kasuwarsu mai yawa—magungunan da aka ƙera don kula da mutane da yawa maimakon ƙera don warkar da ɗaya.

Dangane da wannan, za mu tattauna batun canjin teku da ke faruwa a masana'antar kiwon lafiya ta hanyar manyan sabbin abubuwa guda uku-farawa da ilimin halittu. Wannan filin ne da ake nufi don maye gurbin cututtukan da ke kashe adduna tare da ƙwanƙolin ƙanƙara. Har ila yau, filin ne da wata rana za a ga matsakaicin mutum ya sami damar yin amfani da magunguna masu aminci, masu ƙarfi, da kuma shawarwarin kiwon lafiya waɗanda aka keɓance su ta hanyar jinsin su na musamman.

Amma kafin mu shiga cikin zurfin ruwa, kawai menene genomics ko ta yaya?

Genome a cikin ku

Kwayoyin halitta shine jimilar DNA ɗin ku. Software naku ne. Kuma ana samunsa a (kusan) kowace tantanin halitta a jikinka. Sama da haruffa biliyan uku (base pairs) ne ke haɗa lambar wannan software, kuma idan an karanta, ta bayyana duk abin da ya sa ku, ku. Wannan ya haɗa da launi na idon ku, tsayi, wasan motsa jiki na halitta da yuwuwar hankali, har ma da yuwuwar rayuwar ku.

Amma duk da haka, kamar yadda duk wannan ilimin yake, kwanan nan ne muka sami damar samunsa. Wannan yana wakiltar babban bidi'a na farko da za mu yi magana akai: The farashin sequencing genomes (karanta DNA ɗin ku) ya ragu daga dala miliyan 100 a cikin 2001 (lokacin da aka tsara tsarin halittar ɗan adam na farko) zuwa ƙasa da dala 1,000 a cikin 2015, tare da hasashe da yawa suna hasashen cewa za ta ƙara raguwa zuwa pennies nan da 2020.

Aikace-aikacen jeri na genome

Akwai ƙari ga jerin kwayoyin halitta fiye da samun damar fahimtar zuriyar halittar ku ko yadda za ku iya riƙe barasa. Yayin da tsarin kwayoyin halitta ya zama mai arha sosai, ana samun damammakin zaɓuɓɓukan magani. Wannan ya haɗa da:

Gwaji da sauri na kwayoyin halittar ku don gano maye gurbi, mafi kyawun gano cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, da haɓaka alluran rigakafi da jiyya na al'ada (misali wannan dabarar. ceton jariri a cikin 2014);
Sabbin nau'ikan jiyya na kwayoyin halitta waɗanda zasu iya taimakawa wajen warkar da raunin jiki (an tattauna a babi na gaba na wannan jerin);
Kwatanta kwayoyin halittar ku da miliyoyin sauran kwayoyin halitta don kara fahimtar (data mine) abin da kowane kwayar halittar dan adam ke yi;
Hasashen yanayin ku da yanayin rashin lafiya kamar ciwon daji don hana waɗancan yanayin shekaru ko shekaru da yawa kafin in ba haka ba za ku iya fuskantar su, galibi ta hanyar aminci, ƙarin magunguna masu ƙarfi, alluran rigakafi, da shawarwarin kiwon lafiya waɗanda aka keɓance ga keɓaɓɓen kwayoyin halittarku.

Wannan batu na ƙarshe ya kasance mai bakin ciki, amma kuma shine babba. Yana haifar da haɓakar tsinkaya da ingantaccen magani. Waɗannan su ne manyan tsalle-tsalle guda biyu na yadda muke tunkarar kiwon lafiya wanda zai canza yanayin lafiyar ku, kamar yadda gano penicillin ya kawo sauyi ga lafiyar iyaye da kakanni.

Amma kafin mu zurfafa cikin waɗannan hanyoyin guda biyu, yana da mahimmanci mu tattauna babbar ƙira ta biyu da muka yi ishara da ita a baya: fasahar da ke ba da damar waɗannan sabbin hanyoyin likitanci.

A CRISPR kallon kwayoyin halitta

Ya zuwa yanzu, mafi mahimmancin ƙirƙira a fagen ilimin genomics shine sabuwar dabarar rarraba kwayoyin halitta da ake kira CRISPR/Cas9.

Da farko gano a cikin 1987, ƙwayoyin Cas a cikin DNA ɗinmu (Gidan CRISPR masu alaƙa) an yi imanin sun samo asali ne azaman tsarin tsaro na farko. Waɗannan kwayoyin halitta za su iya ganowa da kuma kai hari kan takamaiman, kwayoyin halitta na waje waɗanda za su iya cutar da su kuma su yanke su daga cikin ƙwayoyin mu. A cikin 2012, masana kimiyya sun ƙirƙiri wata hanya (CRISPR/Cas9) don juyar da injiniyoyin wannan hanyar, ba da damar masana ilimin halitta su yi niyya, sannan su raba / gyara takamaiman jerin DNA.

Koyaya, abin da gaske ke canzawa game da CRISPR/Cas9 (bari kawai mu kira shi CRISPR na gaba) shine yana ba mu damar cire abubuwan da ke wanzu ko ƙara sabbin jerin kwayoyin halitta zuwa DNA ɗinmu ta hanyar da ta fi sauri, arha, sauƙi, kuma mafi daidai. duk hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a baya.

Wannan kayan aiki ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman tubalan gini don tsinkaya da daidaiton yanayin kiwon lafiya a halin yanzu a cikin bututun. Hakanan yana da amfani. Ba wai kawai ana amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar a maganin HIV, Har ila yau, wani kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da shi a yanzu a fannin noma don samar da tsire-tsire da dabbobi da aka canza ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin saurin girma na ilimin halitta na roba, kuma ana iya amfani da su don fara gyara kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam zuwa ga embryos. ƙirƙirar jarirai masu zane, salon Gattaca.

Tsakanin datti mai rahusa jerin kwayoyin halitta da fasahar CRISPR, yanzu muna ganin ana amfani da kayan aikin karantawa da gyara DNA don magance ɗimbin ƙalubale na kiwon lafiya. Amma babu wani sabon abu da zai haifar da alƙawarin tsinkaya da madaidaicin magani ba tare da ƙari na bidi'a na uku ba.

Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na ƙaddamar da kwayoyin halitta

Tun da farko, mun ambaci faduwa mai girma da sauri a cikin farashin da ke tattare da jerin kwayoyin halitta. Daga dala miliyan 100 a shekara ta 2001 zuwa dala 1,000 a shekarar 2015, wannan raguwar farashin kashi 1,000 ke nan, kusan raguwar farashin 5X a kowace shekara. A kwatanta, farashin ƙididdiga yana raguwa da 2X kowace shekara godiya ga Dokar Moore. Wannan bambancin shine matsalar.

Sequencing Gene yana faɗuwa cikin farashi da sauri fiye da yadda masana'antar kwamfuta za ta iya ci gaba, kamar yadda aka gani ta jadawali na ƙasa (daga business Insider):

Wannan bambance-bambancen yana haifar da tattara tarin bayanan kwayoyin halitta, amma ba tare da daidaitaccen dutsen na'ura mai kwakwalwa ba don nazarin wannan babban bayanan. Misalin yadda wannan zai iya haifar da matsala shine a cikin ƙananan filayen haɓakar genomics da ke mai da hankali kan microbiome.

A cikin mu duka akwai hadadden tsarin halittu na fiye da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban 1,000 (ciki har da ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi, da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta) waɗanda ke wakiltar sama da kwayoyin halitta miliyan uku gaba ɗaya, suna dwarfing ɗin ɗan adam tare da kwayoyin halittarsa 23,000. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna da kusan kilo ɗaya zuwa uku na nauyin jikin ku kuma ana iya samun su a cikin jikin ku, musamman a cikin hanjin ku.

Abin da ke sa wannan yanayin yanayin ƙwayoyin cuta ya zama mahimmanci shi ne cewa ɗaruruwan karatu suna ɗaure lafiyar microbiome ga lafiyar ku gaba ɗaya. A haƙiƙa, rashin daidaituwa a cikin microbiome ɗinku an danganta su da rikice-rikice tare da narkewa, asma, amosanin gabbai, kiba, rashin lafiyar abinci, har ma da cututtukan jijiyoyin jiki kamar baƙin ciki da Autism.

Sabon bincike ya nuna cewa tsawaita bayyanar da maganin rigakafi (musamman tun yana ƙarami) na iya lalata lafiyar microbiome ɗin ku ta hanyar kashe maɓalli, ƙwayoyin cuta masu lafiya waɗanda ke kiyaye muggan ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan lalacewa na iya yuwuwar taimakawa ga cututtukan da aka ambata a sama.

Shi ya sa masana kimiyya ke bukatar su jera kwayoyin halitta miliyan uku na microbiome, su fahimci daidai yadda kowane kwayar halitta ke shafar jiki, sannan a yi amfani da kayan aikin CRISPR don ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman waɗanda za su iya dawo da microbiome na majiyyaci zuwa yanayin lafiya—yiwuwar warkar da wasu cututtuka a cikin tsari.

(Ka yi tunanin shi kamar cin ɗaya daga cikin waɗancan hipster, yoghurt probiotic waɗanda ke da'awar dawo da lafiyar gut ɗin ku, amma a wannan yanayin a zahiri ya aikata.)

Kuma a nan ne inda muka dawo kan ƙulli. Masana kimiyya a yanzu suna da fasahar da ake buƙata don jera waɗannan kwayoyin halitta da kuma gyara su, amma idan ba tare da ikon sarrafa dawakai don sarrafa waɗannan jerin kwayoyin halitta ba, ba za mu taɓa fahimtar abin da suke yi da yadda ake gyara su ba.

An yi sa'a ga filin, sabon ci gaba a cikin ikon sarrafa kwamfuta yana gab da shiga babban aiki nan da tsakiyar 2020s: adadi mai kwakwalwa. An ambata a cikin mu Makomar Kwamfuta jerin, kuma aka bayyana a taƙaice (kuma da kyau) a cikin bidiyon da ke ƙasa, kwamfuta mai ƙididdigewa mai aiki na iya aiwatar da hadadden bayanai na genomic na kwana ɗaya a cikin daƙiƙa, idan aka kwatanta da shekaru ta amfani da manyan kwamfutoci na yau.

Wannan ikon sarrafa matakin na gaba (haɗe tare da ƙaramin adadin basirar ɗan adam da ake da shi a yanzu) ita ce ƙafar da ta ɓace da ake buƙata don haɓaka tsinkaya da ingantacciyar magani a cikin al'ada.

Alkawarin madaidaicin kula da lafiya

Madaidaicin kula da lafiya (wanda ake kira keɓaɓɓen kiwon lafiya) horo ne da ke da nufin maye gurbin tsarin “girma ɗaya ya dace da kowa” na yau tare da ingantacciyar shawara da magani na likita wanda ya keɓance ga kwayoyin halitta, muhalli, da yanayin rayuwa na majiyyaci.

Da zarar an inganta shi a ƙarshen 2020s, za ku iya ziyarci asibiti ko asibiti wata rana, ku gaya wa likita alamun ku, ku bar digon jini (wataƙila ma samfurin stool), sannan bayan rabin sa'a na jira, likita zai dawo. tare da cikakken bincike na genome, microbiome, da nazarin jini. Yin amfani da waɗannan bayanan, likita zai bincika ainihin cutar (dalilin) alamomin ku, ya bayyana menene game da kwayoyin halittar jikin ku ya sa ku kamu da wannan cuta, sannan ya ba ku takardar magani ta kwamfuta ta hanyar maganin da aka tsara don magance cutar ku. ta hanyar da ke yaba wa tsarin garkuwar jikin ku na musamman.

Gabaɗaya, ta hanyar cikakken jerin kwayoyin halittar ku, haɗe tare da nazarin yadda kwayoyin halittarku ke ba da labarin lafiyar ku, wata rana likitanku zai rubuta magunguna masu aminci, mafi ƙarfi da lafiya. alurar riga kafi, a ƙarin madaidaitan allurai don keɓaɓɓen ilimin halittar ku. Wannan matakin gyare-gyaren ya haifar da sabon fagen nazari-magunguna-wanda ya damu da hanyoyin da za a rama bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin marasa lafiya wanda ke haifar da amsa iri-iri ga magani guda.

Warkar da ku kafin rashin lafiya

A lokacin wannan ziyarar hasashen zuwa likitan ku na gaba, da kuma yin amfani da bincike iri ɗaya na kwayoyin halittar ku, microbiome, da aikin jini, kuma zai yiwu likitan ya wuce sama da sama ta hanyar ba da shawarar rigakafin al'ada da shawarwarin salon rayuwa tare da makasudin hana ku wata rana fuskantar wasu cututtuka, cututtukan daji, da cututtukan jijiya waɗanda kwayoyin halittarku ke sa ku yi.

Ana iya yin wannan bincike har ma a lokacin haihuwa, ta haka ne zai ba wa likitan yara damar ɗaukar rawar kai tsaye a cikin lafiyar ku wanda zai iya biyan kuɗi har zuwa lokacin girma. Kuma a cikin dogon lokaci, yana iya zama da kyau cewa tsararraki masu zuwa za su iya samun rayuwa marar cuta. A halin yanzu, a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, tsinkayar cututtuka da hana yiwuwar mutuwa zai iya taimakawa wajen adana har zuwa $20 biliyan kowace shekara a cikin farashin kiwon lafiya (tsarin Amurka).

Sabbin sabbin abubuwa da abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wannan babin sun yi dalla-dalla dalla-dalla sauye-sauye daga tsarinmu na yanzu na “kulawa marasa lafiya” zuwa cikakken tsarin “kula da lafiya.” Wannan tsari ne da ke jaddada kawar da cututtuka da kuma hana su faruwa gaba ɗaya.

Duk da haka, wannan ba shine ƙarshen jerin makomarmu ta Lafiya ba. Tabbas, maganin tsinkaya da daidaitaccen magani na iya taimaka muku lokacin rashin lafiya, amma menene zai faru idan kun ji rauni? Karin bayani akan haka a babin mu na gaba.