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Chisamaliro cholondola chimalowa mu genome yanu: Future of Health P3

David Tal, Wofalitsa, Futurist
@DavidTalWrites
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Lachiwiri, 09/15/2020 - 05:42

Tikulowa m'tsogolo momwe mankhwala azisinthidwa kukhala DNA yanu ndipo thanzi lanu lamtsogolo lidzanenedweratu pakubadwa. Takulandirani ku tsogolo la mankhwala olondola.

M'mutu womaliza wa mndandanda wathu wa Tsogolo la Zaumoyo, tidasanthula ziwopsezo zomwe anthu akukumana nazo pakalipano monga kukana maantibayotiki padziko lonse lapansi komanso miliri yamtsogolo, komanso zatsopano zomwe makampani athu azamankhwala akuyesetsa kuthana nazo. Koma vuto lalikulu la zinthu zatsopanozi lili m’mapangidwe awo a misika yambiri—mankhwala opangidwa kuti azichiritsa ambiri m’malo mongopangidwa kuti azichiritsa mmodzi.

Poganizira izi, tikambirana za kusintha kwa nyanja komwe kukuchitika m'makampani azaumoyo pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zitatu zazikuluzikulu - kuyambira ndi genomics. Uwu ndi munda womwe umayenera kusintha zikwanje zopha matenda ndikuyika ma scalpels ang'onoang'ono. Ndiwo gawo lomwe tsiku lina lidzawona munthu wamba apeza mwayi wopeza mankhwala otetezeka, amphamvu kwambiri, komanso upangiri waumoyo womwe umagwirizana ndi majini awo apadera.

Koma tisanalowe m'madzi akuya, kodi ma genomics ndi chiyani?

Genome mwa inu

Genome ndi chiwerengero cha DNA yanu. Ndi mapulogalamu anu. Ndipo imapezeka mu (pafupifupi) selo lirilonse la thupi lanu. Zilembo zongopitilira mabiliyoni atatu (zoyambira pawiri) zimapanga kachidindo ka pulogalamuyi, ndipo zikawerengedwa, zimafotokozera zonse zomwe zimakupangani inu. Izi zikuphatikizapo mtundu wa maso anu, kutalika, maseŵera achilengedwe ndi nzeru zomwe mungathe, ngakhale moyo wanu wonse.

Komabe, monga momwe chidziwitso chonsechi chilili chofunikira, ndi posachedwapa pamene takhala tikuchipeza. Izi zikuyimira luso loyamba lomwe tikambirane: The mtengo wotsatizanatsa ma genome (kuwerenga DNA yanu) yatsika kuchokera pa $ 100 miliyoni mu 2001 (pamene genome yoyamba yaumunthu idatsatiridwa) kufika pa $ 1,000 mu 2015, ndi zoneneratu zambiri zikulosera kuti zidzatsika mpaka 2020.

Ntchito zotsatizana za ma genome

Pali zambiri pakutsatizana kwa ma genome kuposa kumvetsetsa makolo anu kapena momwe mungagwirire mowa. Pamene kutsatizana kwa ma genome kumakhala kotsika mtengo kokwanira, mitundu yonse ya chithandizo chamankhwala imakhalapo. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

Kuyesa mwachangu majini anu kuti muzindikire masinthidwe, kuzindikira bwino matenda osowa majini, ndikupanga katemera wanthawi zonse ndi machiritso (chitsanzo cha njira iyi anapulumutsa mwana wakhanda mu 2014);
Mitundu yatsopano ya chithandizo cha majini chimene chingathandize kuchiza zofooka zakuthupi (zofotokozedwa m’mutu wotsatira wa mpambo uno);
Kuyerekeza ma genome anu ndi mamiliyoni amitundu ina kuti mumvetsetse bwino (mgodi wa data) zomwe jini iliyonse mumtundu wa munthu imachita;
Kuneneratu momwe mungatengere matenda monga khansara kuti mupewe zaka kapena zaka zambiri musanakumane nawo, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otetezeka, amphamvu kwambiri, katemera, ndi upangiri waumoyo womwe umapangidwira kumtundu wanu wapadera.

Mfundo yomaliza ija inali pakamwa, koma ndi biggie. Zimatanthawuza kukwera kwamankhwala olosera komanso olondola. Izi ndi njira ziwiri zodumphadumpha m'mene timayendera chithandizo chamankhwala chomwe chingasinthe thanzi lanu, monga momwe kutulukira kwa penicillin kunasinthiratu thanzi la makolo ndi agogo anu.

Koma tisanambe mozama munjira ziwirizi, ndikofunikira kuti tikambirane zachidziwitso chachiwiri chomwe tidanenapo kale: ukadaulo womwe ukupangitsa kuti zachipatala izi zitheke.

A CRISPR amayang'ana majini

Pofika pano, luso lofunikira kwambiri pazachilengedwe lakhala njira yatsopano yophatikizira ma gene yotchedwa CRISPR/Cas9.

Choyamba Anapeza mu 1987, ma jini a Cas mkati mwa DNA yathu (majini okhudzana ndi CRISPR) akukhulupirira kuti adasintha ngati njira yathu yodzitetezera. Majiniwa amatha kuzindikira ndi kutsata zakuthupi zakunja zomwe zingakhale zovulaza ndikuzichotsa m'maselo athu. Mu 2012, asayansi adapanga njira (CRISPR/Cas9) yosinthira mainjiniya makinawa, kulola akatswiri odziwa za majini kulunjika, kenako kuphatikizira / kusintha ma DNA ena.

Komabe, zomwe zikusintha kwambiri pamasewera a CRISPR/Cas9 (tiyeni tingoyitcha CRISPR kupita patsogolo) ndikuti imatilola kuchotsa zomwe zilipo kapena kuwonjezera ma jini atsopano ku DNA yathu m'njira yothamanga, yotsika mtengo, yosavuta, komanso yolondola kuposa njira zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kale.

Chida ichi chakhala chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomangira zolosera komanso zolondola pazachipatala zomwe zikuchitika pano. Ndiwosinthasintha. Sikuti imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga a kuchiza HIV, ndi chida chomwe tsopano chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa ulimi kupanga zomera ndi zinyama zosinthidwa majini, chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukula msanga kwa biology yopangira zinthu, ndipo ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa kusintha majeremusi a miluza yaumunthu. kupanga makanda opanga, kalembedwe ka Gattaca.

Pakati pa ma gene otsika mtengo otsatizana ndiukadaulo wa CRISPR, tsopano tikuwona zida zowerengera ndi kusintha za DNA zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthana ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana zaumoyo. Koma palibe zatsopano zomwe zingabweretse lonjezo lamankhwala olosera komanso olondola popanda kuwonjezeredwa kwatsopano kwachitatu.

Quantum computing imachotsa ma genome

M'mbuyomu, tidanenapo za kutsika kwakukulu komanso kofulumira kwa ndalama zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kutsatizana kwa ma genome. Kuchokera pa $100 miliyoni mu 2001 kufika pa $1,000 mu 2015, ndiko kutsika mtengo kwa 1,000 peresenti, pafupifupi kutsika mtengo kwa 5X pachaka. Poyerekeza, mtengo wamakompyuta ukutsika ndi 2X pachaka chifukwa cha Chilamulo cha Moore. Kusiyana kumeneko ndilo vuto.

Kutsatizana kwa ma gene kukutsika mtengo mwachangu kuposa momwe makampani apakompyuta angapitirizire, monga momwe tawonera pa chithunzi pansipa (kuchokera Business Insider):

Kusagwirizana kumeneku kumabweretsa phiri la ma genetic deta yomwe ikusonkhanitsidwa, koma popanda phiri lofanana la makompyuta kuti afufuze deta yaikuluyi. Chitsanzo cha momwe izi zingabweretsere vuto ndi gawo laling'ono la ma genomics lomwe likuyang'ana kwambiri ma microbiome.

M'kati mwathu tonse muli chilengedwe cha mabakiteriya opitirira 1,000 osiyanasiyana (kuphatikizapo mavairasi, bowa, ndi tizilombo tina) zomwe zimaimira majini oposa mamiliyoni atatu, zomwe zimachititsa kuti jini la munthu likhale lalifupi ndi majini 23,000. Mabakiteriyawa amapanga pafupifupi kilogalamu imodzi kapena itatu ya kulemera kwa thupi lanu ndipo amapezeka m'thupi lanu lonse, makamaka m'matumbo anu.

Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chilengedwe cha bakiteriya chikhale chofunikira ndichakuti mazana a maphunziro akugwirizanitsa thanzi lanu la microbiome ku thanzi lanu lonse. M'malo mwake, zolakwika zomwe zili mu microbiome yanu zimalumikizidwa ndi zovuta za kugaya chakudya, mphumu, nyamakazi, kunenepa kwambiri, ziwengo zazakudya, ngakhale matenda amitsempha monga kukhumudwa ndi autism.

Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti kukhala ndi maantibayotiki nthawi yayitali (makamaka mukadali achichepere) kumatha kuwononga magwiridwe antchito athanzi a microbiome yanu popha mabakiteriya athanzi am'matumbo omwe amaletsa mabakiteriya oyipa. Kuwonongeka uku kungayambitse matenda omwe tawatchulawa.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake asayansi amafunikira kutsata ma jini mamiliyoni atatu a microbiome, kumvetsetsa momwe jini lililonse limakhudzira thupi, kenako gwiritsani ntchito zida za CRISPR kuti mupange mabakiteriya okhazikika omwe amatha kubweza ma microbiome a wodwala kuti akhale athanzi-mwina kuchiritsa matenda ena panthawiyi.

(Ganizirani izi ngati kudya imodzi mwa ma hipster, ma probiotic yogurts omwe amati amabwezeretsa thanzi lanu lamatumbo, koma pakadali pano amatero.)

Ndipo apa ndi pamene ife tibwerera ku botolo. Asayansi tsopano ali ndi umisiri wofunikira kuti atsatire majiniwa ndi kuwasintha, koma popanda mphamvu zamakompyuta kuti azitha kutsata ma jiniwa, sitidzamvetsetsa zomwe amachita komanso momwe tingawasinthire.

Mwamwayi pamundawu, kutulukira kwatsopano mu mphamvu zamakompyuta kwatsala pang'ono kulowa m'ma 2020s: makompyuta a quantum. Zatchulidwa m'nkhani yathu Tsogolo Lamakompyuta mndandanda, ndikufotokozedwa mwachidule (ndi bwino) mu kanema pansipa, kompyuta yogwira ntchito yochuluka imatha tsiku limodzi kukonza deta yovuta ya genomic mumasekondi, poyerekeza ndi zaka pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri amakono.

Mphamvu yotsatirayi yokonzekera (kuphatikiza ndi nzeru zopangira zowerengeka zomwe zilipo tsopano) ndiye mwendo wosowa womwe ukufunika kuti uthandizire kuneneratu ndi kulondola kwamankhwala odziwika bwino.

Lonjezo la chisamaliro chaumoyo cholondola

Chisamaliro cha Precision (chomwe poyamba chinkatchedwa kuti chisamaliro chaumoyo chamunthu) ndi njira yomwe cholinga chake ndikusintha njira yamasiku ano ya "kukula kumodzi kokwanira" ndi upangiri wothandiza wamankhwala ndi chithandizo chomwe chimayenderana ndi majini, chilengedwe, ndi moyo wa wodwala.

Mukangodziwika chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2020, tsiku lina mutha kupita kuchipatala kapena kuchipatala, kuwuza dokotala zomwe muli nazo, kusiya dontho la magazi (mwinamwake ngakhale chopondapo), ndiye kuti patatha theka la ola mukudikirira, dokotala amabwerera. ndi kusanthula kwathunthu kwa genome, microbiome, ndi kusanthula magazi. Pogwiritsa ntchito detayi, dokotala amatha kudziwa matenda enieni (chifukwa) cha zizindikiro zanu, kufotokozera zomwe thupi lanu limatulutsa limakupangitsani kuti mutenge matendawa, ndiyeno ndikupatseni mankhwala opangidwa ndi makompyuta a mankhwala omwe amapangidwa kuti achire matenda anu. m'njira yoyamikira chitetezo chamthupi mwanu.

Ponseponse, kudzera pakutsatizana kwathunthu kwa ma genome anu, komanso kuwunika momwe majini anu amakhudzira thanzi lanu, dokotala wanu tsiku lina adzakupatsani mankhwala otetezeka, amphamvu komanso otetezeka. katemera, pamilingo yolondola kwambiri ya thupi lanu lapadera. Mlingo wakusintha mwamakonda uwu wadzetsa gawo latsopano lophunzirira—mankhwala-zimene zimakhudzidwa ndi njira zolipirira kusiyana kwa majini kwa odwala omwe amayambitsa mayankho osiyanasiyana pamankhwala amodzi.

Kukuchiritsani musanadwale

Paulendo wongoyerekeza womwewo kwa dokotala wanu wam'tsogolo, ndikugwiritsanso ntchito kusanthula komweko kwa genome, microbiome, ndi ntchito yamagazi, zitha kukhala zotheka kuti adotolo apitirire kupitilira apo popereka katemera wopangidwa mwachizolowezi komanso malingaliro amoyo ndi Cholinga cha kukutetezani kuti tsiku lina musadzakumane ndi matenda enaake, khansa, ndi matenda a minyewa omwe chibadwa chanu chimakupangirani.

Kusanthula uku kumatha kuchitika pobadwa, potero kupatsa mphamvu dokotala wanu wa ana kuti azitha kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu paumoyo wanu zomwe zingakupindulitseni mukadzakula. Ndipo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, zingachitike kuti mibadwo yamtsogolo idzakhala ndi moyo wopanda matenda. Pakadali pano, posachedwa, kulosera za matenda ndikuletsa kufa komwe kungathandizire kupulumutsa mpaka $20 biliyoni pachaka pamitengo yachipatala (kachitidwe ka US).

Zatsopano ndi zochitika zomwe zafotokozedwa m'mutu uno zikufotokoza za kusintha kuchoka ku dongosolo lathu lamakono la "odwala" kupita ku dongosolo la "kusamalira thanzi." Ichi ndi chimango chomwe chimatsindika kuthetsa matenda ndikupewa kuti asachitike palimodzi.

Ndipo komabe, uku sikutha kwa mndandanda wathu wa Tsogolo la Zaumoyo. Zoonadi, mankhwala olosera ndi olondola angakuthandizeni mukadwala, koma chimachitika ndi chiyani mukavulala? Zambiri pa izi mu mutu wathu wotsatira.