I-Quantumrun

ISIKWELETU SESITHOMBE: I-Quantumrun

Ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okunembayo kuthinta igenome yakho: Ikusasa Lempilo P3

UDavid Tal, Umshicileli, i-Futurist
@DavidTalWrites
I-LinkedIn

ULwesibili, 09/15/2020 - 05:42

Singena esikhathini esizayo lapho imithi izokwenziwa ngokwezifiso i-DNA yakho futhi impilo yakho yesikhathi esizayo izobikezelwa lapho uzalwa. Siyakwamukela esikhathini esizayo somuthi wokunemba.

Esahlukweni sokugcina sochungechunge lwethu Lwekusasa Lezempilo, sihlole izinsongo isintu esibhekene nazo njengamanje ngendlela yokuphikiswa kwamagciwane emhlabeni wonke kanye nobhadane lwesikhathi esizayo, kanye nezindlela ezintsha imboni yethu yemithi esebenza kuzo ukulwa nazo. Kodwa okubi kwalokhu kusungulwa kusekuklanyweni kwawo kwezimakethe eziningi—izidakamizwa eziklanyelwe ukwelapha eziningi esikhundleni sokwelapha eyodwa.

Ngenxa yalokhu, sizoxoxa ngoshintsho lolwandle olwenzeka embonini yezempilo ngezindlela ezintathu eziqavile—ukuqala nge-genomics. Lena inkambu okuhloswe ngayo ukushintsha ocelemba ababulala izifo esikhundleni socelemba obuncane kakhulu. Futhi kuyinkambu lapho ngolunye usuku umuntu ovamile ethola khona ukufinyelela emithini ephephile, enamandla kakhulu, kanye nezeluleko zezempilo ezenzelwe ufuzo oluhlukile.

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba singene emanzini ajulile, iyini ngempela i-genomics?

I-Genome kuwe

I-genome iyisamba sesamba se-DNA yakho. Isofthiwe yakho. Futhi itholakala (cishe) kuwo wonke amangqamuzana asemzimbeni wakho. Izinhlamvu ezingaphezu nje kwezigidigidi ezintathu (amapheya esisekelo) akha ikhodi yale software, futhi uma ifundwa, ichaza yonke into ekwenza ube, wena. Lokhu kuhlanganisa umbala wamehlo akho, ubude, amandla emvelo okusubatha kanye nokuhlakanipha, ngisho neminyaka yakho yokuphila.

Nokho, njengoba lonke lolu lwazi luyisisekelo, kusanda kuphela lapho sikwazile ukulufinyelela khona. Lokhu kumelela ukuqanjwa okusha okukhulu esizokhuluma ngakho: I izindleko zokulandelanisa ama-genome (ukufunda i-DNA yakho) yehle isuka ku-$100 million ngo-2001 (lapho i-genome yomuntu yokuqala ilandelana) yaya ngaphansi kwe-$1,000 ngo-2015, izibikezelo eziningi zibikezela ukuthi izokwehla kakhulu kumapennies ngo-2020.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zokulandelana kwe-genome

Kunokuningi ekulandeleni kwe-genome kunokukwazi ukuqonda imvelaphi yofuzo noma ukuthi ungabubamba kahle kangakanani utshwala bakho. Njengoba ukulandelana kwe-genome kuba ishibhile ngokwanele, lonke uhla lwezinketho zokwelapha luyatholakala. Lokhu kuhlanganisa:

Ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kwezakhi zakho zofuzo ukuhlonza ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ukuhlonza kangcono izifo zofuzo ezingavamile, futhi kwakhiwe imithi yokugoma engokwezifiso kanye nokwelashwa (isibonelo salolu hlelo lokusebenza wasindisa osanda kuzalwa ngo-2014);
Izinhlobo ezintsha zokwelapha ngezakhi zofuzo ezingasiza ekwelapheni ukukhubazeka ngokomzimba (okuxoxwe ngazo esahlukweni esilandelayo salolu chungechunge);
Ukuqhathanisa i-genome yakho nezigidi zamanye ama-genome ukuze uqonde kangcono (imayini yedatha) ukuthi isakhi sofuzo ngasinye se-genome yomuntu senzani;
Ukubikezela ukuthambekela kwakho kanye nokuthambekela kwakho ezifweni ezinjengomdlavuza ukuvimbela lezo zimo eminyakeni noma amashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kokuthi ube nazo, ikakhulukazi ngendlela ephephile, izidakamizwa ezinamandla, imigomo, kanye nezeluleko zezempilo ezenzelwe ufuzo lwakho oluhlukile.

Lelo phuzu lokugcina laliwumlomo, kodwa futhi yi-biggie. Isho ukukhuphuka komuthi obikezelayo nonembayo. Lokhu ukugxuma okubili kwe-quantum endleleni esibhekana ngayo nokunakekelwa kwezempilo okuzoshintsha izinga lempilo yakho, njengoba nje ukutholakala kwe-penicillin kuguqule impilo yabazali bakho kanye nogogo nomkhulu.

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuthi sijule kulezi zindlela ezimbili, kubalulekile ukuthi sixoxe ngokuqanjwa kabusha kwesibili okukhulu esikusikisele phambilini: ubuchwepheshe obenza lokhu kuqanjwa kwezokwelapha kwenzeke.

I-CRISPR ibheka izakhi zofuzo

Kuze kube manje, ukuqanjwa okubaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni we-genomics kube yindlela entsha yokuhlanganisa izakhi zofuzo ebizwa ngokuthi i-CRISPR/Cas9.

Okokuqala Wathola ngo-1987, izakhi zofuzo ze-Cas ngaphakathi kwe-DNA yethu (izakhi zofuzo ezihambisana ne-CRISPR) kukholakala ukuthi zavela njengohlelo lwethu lokuqala lokuvikela. Lezi zakhi zofuzo zingakwazi ukuhlonza futhi ziqondise izakhi zofuzo ezithile, zangaphandle ezingase zibe yingozi futhi zizikhiphe kumaseli ethu. Ngo-2012, ososayensi bakha indlela (CRISPR/Cas9) yokuhlehlisa unjiniyela le ndlela, okuvumela izazi zofuzo ukuthi ziqondise, bese zihlanganisa/zihlele ukulandelana kwe-DNA ethile.

Kodwa-ke, yini ngempela eshintsha umdlalo nge-CRISPR/Cas9 (ake siyibize nge-CRISPR ukuya phambili) ukuthi isivumela ukuthi sisuse ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo ezikhona noma ezintsha ku-DNA yethu ngendlela esheshayo, eshibhile, elula, futhi enembe kakhulu zonke izindlela ezisetshenziswe ngaphambili.

Leli thuluzi seliphenduke elinye lamabhulokhi wokwakha abalulekile okubikezela nokunemba kwezitayela zokunakekelwa kwezempilo okusalungiswa njengamanje. Ibuye ibe nezinto ezihlukahlukene. Akukhona nje ukuthi isetshenziselwa ukwakha a ukwelapha i-HIV, futhi iyithuluzi manje elisetshenziswa kwezolimo ukukhiqiza izitshalo nezilwane ezishintshwe izakhi zofuzo, lidlala indima ebalulekile emkhakheni okhula ngokushesha we-synthetic biology, futhi lingase lisetshenziselwe ngisho nokuqala ukuhlela ama-genome emibungu yabantu ukuze dala izingane zomklami, Isitayela se-Gattaca.

Phakathi kokulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo ezishibhile kanye nobuchwepheshe be-CRISPR, manje sibona amathuluzi okufunda i-DNA nokuhlela esetshenziswa ukuxazulula inhlobonhlobo yezinselele zokunakekelwa kwempilo. Kodwa akukho okusha okuzoletha isithembiso somuthi wokubikezela nokunemba ngaphandle kokwengezwa kokuqanjwa kabusha kwesithathu okuyisisekelo.

I-Quantum computing isusa ukubethela kwe-genome

Ngaphambilini, sikhulume ngokwehla okukhulu nokushesha kwezindleko ezihilelekile ekulandeleni kofuzo. Kusukela ku-$100 million ngo-2001 kuya ku-$1,000 ngo-2015, lokho ukwehla kwezindleko ngamaphesenti angu-1,000, cishe ukwehla kwezindleko ngo-5X ngonyaka. Uma kuqhathaniswa, izindleko zekhompyutha zehla ngo-2X ngonyaka ngenxa Umthetho ka Moore. Lowo mehluko inkinga.

Ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo kwehla izindleko ngokushesha kunokuba imboni yamakhompiyutha ingaqhubeka, njengoba kubonwa igrafu engezansi (kusuka I-Business Insider):

Lokhu kungafani kuholela ekuqoqweni kwedatha yofuzo, kodwa ngaphandle kwentaba elinganayo yamandla ekhompyutha okuhlaziya leyo datha enkulu. Isibonelo sokuthi lokhu kungayidala kanjani inkinga kumkhakha we-genomics okhulayo ogxile ku-microbiome.

Ngaphakathi kwethu kukhona i-ecosystem eyinkimbinkimbi yezinhlobo zamagciwane ezingaphezu kuka-1,000 (okuhlanganisa amagciwane, isikhunta, nezinye izinto ezincane) ezimelela izakhi zofuzo ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu, okwenza ufuzo lomuntu lube luncane nezakhi zalo zofuzo ezingu-23,000. Lawa magciwane akha cishe ikhilogremu elilodwa kuya kwamathathu esisindo somzimba wakho futhi angatholakala kuwo wonke umzimba wakho, ikakhulukazi emathunjini akho.

Okwenza le ecosystem yebhaktheriya ibaluleke ukuthi amakhulu ezifundo ahlanganisa impilo yakho ye-microbiome empilweni yakho iyonke. Eqinisweni, ukungahambi kahle ku-microbiome yakho kuxhunyaniswe nezinkinga zokugaya ukudla, isifuba somoya, isifo samathambo, ukukhuluphala, ukungezwani nokudla, ngisho nokuphazamiseka kwemizwa njengokucindezeleka kanye ne-autism.

Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonisa ukuthi ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kuma-antibiotics (ikakhulukazi usemncane) kungalimaza unomphela ukusebenza okunempilo kwe-microbiome yakho ngokubulala amagciwane ayisihluthulelo, anempilo amathumbu agcina amagciwane amabi elawula. Lo monakalo ungaba nomthelela ezifweni ezibalwe ngenhla.

Yingakho ososayensi bedinga ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo eziyizigidi ezintathu ze-microbiome, baqonde kahle ukuthi isakhi sofuzo ngasinye siwuthinta kanjani umzimba, bese besebenzisa amathuluzi e-CRISPR ukuze benze amabhaktheriya enziwe ngokwezifiso angabuyisela i-microbiome yesiguli esimweni esinempilo-mhlawumbe ephulukisa ezinye izifo kule nqubo.

(Cabanga ngakho njengokudla enye yalawo ma-hipster, ama-yogurts angama-probiotic athi abuyisela impilo yakho yamathumbu, kodwa kulokhu empeleni kuyakwenza.)

Futhi lapha kulapho sibuyela khona emgodleni. Ososayensi manje banobuchwepheshe obudingekayo ukuze balandelele lezi zakhi zofuzo futhi bazihlele, kodwa ngaphandle kwamandla ekhompyutha ukuze bacubungule lezi zigaba zofuzo, ngeke siqonde ukuthi benzani nokuthi bahlelwa kanjani.

Ngenhlanhla yenkambu, impumelelo entsha emandleni ekhompuyutha isizongena endaweni ejwayelekile maphakathi nawo-2020s: amakhompyutha we-quantum. Kukhulunywe esihlokweni sethu Ikusasa Lamakhompyutha uchungechunge, futhi kuchazwe kafushane (futhi kahle) kuvidiyo engezansi, ikhompuyutha ye-quantum esebenzayo ingacubungula idatha ye-genomic eyinkimbinkimbi ngemizuzwana, uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka isebenzisa amakhompiyutha aphezulu anamuhla.

La mandla okucubungula ezingeni elilandelayo (ahlanganiswe nenani elincane lobuhlakani bokwenziwa obutholakala manje) awumlenze ongekho odingekayo ukuze kusekelwe umuthi obikezelayo nonembayo endaweni evamile.

Isithembiso sokunakekelwa kwezempilo okunembayo

Ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okunembayo (okwakubizwa ngokuthi ukunakekelwa kwezempilo komuntu siqu) kuyisiyalo esihlose ukufaka esikhundleni sendlela yanamuhla “yesayizi eyodwa ilingana konke” ngezeluleko zezokwelapha ezisebenzayo kanye nokwelashwa okuklanyelwe izici zofuzo, indawo ezungezile, kanye nendlela yokuphila yesiguli.

Uma usujwayeleke ngasekupheleni kwawo-2020, ngolunye usuku ungavakashela umtholampilo noma esibhedlela, utshele udokotela izimpawu zakho, ukhiphe iconsi legazi (mhlawumbe ngisho nesampula yendle), bese ngemva kwesigamu sehora ulindile, udokotela uzobuya. ngokuhlaziywa okugcwele kofuzo lwakho, i-microbiome, nokuhlaziywa kwegazi. Esebenzisa le datha, udokotela uzoxilonga isifo (isizathu) esiqondile sezimpawu zakho, akuchazele ukuthi yini ngofuzo lomzimba wakho okwenze wangenwa yilesi sifo, bese ekunikeza incwadi ebhalwe ngekhompyutha yomuthi oklanyelwe ukwelapha isifo sakho. ngendlela encoma amasosha omzimba wakho ahlukile.

Sekukonke, ngohlelo olugcwele lokulandelana kofuzo lwakho, kuhambisana nokuhlaziywa kokuthi ufuzo lwakho luyilawula kanjani impilo yakho, udokotela wakho ngelinye ilanga uzokunikeza imithi ephephile, enamandla kakhulu futhi imijovo yokugoma, ngemithamo enembe kakhudlwana yesayensi yomzimba wakho ehlukile. Leli zinga lokwenza ngokwezifiso selize laveza insimu entsha yokufunda—i-pharmacogenomics-lokho kuphathelene nezindlela zokunxephezela umehluko wofuzo ezigulini ezibangela izimpendulo ezihlukahlukene emuthini owodwa.

Ukwelapha ngaphambi kokuba ugule

Phakathi nalokho kuvakasha okucatshangelwayo okufanayo kudokotela wakho wesikhathi esizayo, futhi usebenzisa ukuhlaziywa okufanayo kofuzo lwakho, i-microbiome, nomsebenzi wegazi, kungenzeka futhi ukuthi udokotela enze ngaphezu kwalokhu ngokutusa imigomo eklanywe ngokwezifiso kanye neziphakamiso zendlela yokuphila nge- umgomo wokukuvimbela ukuba ngolunye usuku uhlangabezane nezifo ezithile, umdlavuza, nokuphazamiseka kwemizwa ufuzo lwakho olukubeke phambili kukho.

Lokhu kuhlaziya kungenziwa ngisho nasekuzalweni, ngaleyo ndlela kunikeze udokotela wakho wezingane amandla ukuthi abambe iqhaza elibukhali empilweni yakho elingase libe nezinzuzo ezinhle lapho usumdala. Futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kungase kwenzeke ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo zingase zibe nokuphila okungenazo izifo. Ngaleso sikhathi, maduze nje, ukubikezela izifo kanye nokuvimbela ukufa okungase kube khona kungasiza ukonga imali efika ku-$20 billion ngonyaka ezindlekweni zokunakekelwa kwezempilo (uhlelo lwase-US).

Ukuqanjwa okusha namathrendi okuchazwe kulesi sahluko imininingwane ngokusuka ohlelweni lwethu lwamanje “lokunakekela abagulayo” ukuya ohlakeni oluphelele “lokunakekela impilo.” Lolu wuhlaka olugcizelela ukuqeda izifo nokuvimbela ukuthi zingenzeki ngokuphelele.

Nokho, lesi akusona isiphetho sochungechunge lwethu Lwekusasa Lezempilo. Impela, umuthi obikezelayo nonembayo ungakusiza lapho ugula, kodwa kwenzekani lapho ulimala? Okunye ngalokho esahlukweni sethu esilandelayo.