Kufotokozera kufunika kwa luso kumangovuta

Palibe anthu aŵiri amene angayang’ane ntchito yojambula ndi kuilingalira mofananamo. Tonse tili ndi matanthauzidwe athu pazaluso zabwino ndi zaluso zoyipa, zomwe zili zatsopano komanso zomwe sizili zenizeni, zomwe zili zamtengo wapatali komanso zopanda pake. Ngakhale zili choncho, pali msika komwe ntchito zaluso zimagulidwa ndikugulitsidwa moyenerera.  

Kodi mtengowo umatsimikiziridwa bwanji, ndipo msika wasintha bwanji m'zaka zaposachedwa? Chofunika koposa, ndi chiyani chinanso chimene tingatanthauze ponena za “mtengo” wa ntchito ya luso, ndipo zojambulajambula zatsopano zasokoneza bwanji mmene timadziwira kufunika kwake? 

Kodi "mtengo" wa luso ndi chiyani? 

Art ili ndi mitundu iwiri ya mtengo: yokhazikika ndi yandalama. Kufunika kwa luso lazojambula kumatengera zomwe ntchitoyo ikutanthauza kwa munthu kapena gulu la anthu komanso momwe tanthauzoli likukhudzira anthu amasiku ano. Tanthauzo ili liri lofunika kwambiri, limakhala lamtengo wapatali, monga momwe buku lanu lomwe mumakonda liri chinthu chomwe chimalankhula ndi umunthu wanu kapena zochitika zanu. 

Ntchito yojambula ilinso ndi mtengo wake. Malinga ndi Sotheby's, mtengo wa ntchito yojambula umatsimikiziridwa ndi zinthu khumi: zowona, chikhalidwe, kusoŵa, chiyambi, kufunika kwa mbiri yakale, kukula, mafashoni, nkhani, sing'anga, ndi khalidwe. Michael Findlay, wolemba Mtengo wa Art: Ndalama, Mphamvu, Kukongola, ikufotokoza mikhalidwe isanu ikuluikulu: chiyambi, chikhalidwe, zowona, kuwonekera, ndi khalidwe. 

Kufotokozera ochepa, chiyambi chimalongosola mbiri ya umwini, zomwe zimawonjezera phindu la ntchito yojambula ndi 15 peresenti. Condition imafotokoza zomwe zafotokozedwa mu lipoti la chikhalidwe. Katswiri wodalirika yemwe amayendetsa lipotili amakhudza kufunika kwa ntchito yaluso. Quality amatanthauza kuphedwa, luso la sing'anga ndi ulamuliro wofotokozera ntchito ya luso, ndipo zimasiyana malinga ndi nthawi. 

M'buku lake la 2012, Mtengo wa Art: Ndalama, Mphamvu, Kukongola, Michael Findlay akufotokoza zinthu zina zomwe zimatsimikizira ntchito yamtengo wapatali ya ndalama. Kwenikweni, zaluso ndi zamtengo wapatali monga momwe wina yemwe ali ndi ulamuliro amanenera, monga oyang'anira ndi ogulitsa zaluso.  

Ntchito zazikulu ndi zojambulajambula zokongola nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokwera mtengo kuposa zing'onozing'ono ndi zidutswa za monochromatic. Ntchito zazikulu zingaphatikizeponso mtengo wopangira zinthu pamtengo wake, monga kuponya chiboliboli. Ma Lithographs, etchings, ndi masikirini a silika nawonso amakhala okwera mtengo kwambiri. 

Ngati chidutswa cha ntchito chikugulitsidwanso, mtengo wake umawonjezeka. Zikasoweka, zimakhala zokwera mtengo. Ngati ntchito zambiri za akatswiri zimapezeka m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale, ntchito zomwe zimapezeka mwachinsinsi zimakhala zodula chifukwa ndizosowa. Wojambulayo amapezanso kutchuka komwe kumakwera mtengo. 

Zinthu zonsezi zimaganiziridwa, zonse zimatengera momwe zojambulajambula zimagulitsidwa ndi luso komanso dongosolo lomwe limapanga msika mozungulira izo. Popanda nyumba zogulitsira ma broker, otolera olemera kuti ayendetse zofuna zawo, komanso malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ndi mabungwe kuti apereke kutchuka, wojambula amakhala wopanda omvera komanso wopanda cheke..  

Dongosolo limenelo likusintha. 

Kukwera kwa mtengo wa dollar 

Nthawi zambiri, mlangizi waluso ngati Candace Worth angayembekezere kuwonjezeka kwa 10-15 peresenti pamtengo wa ntchito yomwe imagulitsidwanso, koma anali ndi chidziwitso choyesa kukambirana mtengo wa ntchito yojambula yomwe inali 32 madola zikwi mwezi umodzi ndi madola zikwi 60 wotsatira. Paul Morris, wogulitsa zaluso yemwe wapanga 80 zojambulajambula, tsopano akuwona mtengo woyambira wa ojambula atsopano kukhala 5 madola zikwi osati 500.  

Momwe anthu amawonera zojambula zasintha. Anthu samayendanso m'malo owonetsera zojambulajambula. M'malo mwake, ogula amapita zojambulajambula, misika ikuluikulu yaukadaulo komwe amagulitsa zojambulajambula ndikupangira kulumikizana. Zowonadi, msika waukadaulo wapaintaneti wakula mpaka $3 biliyoni mu 2016. Kuphatikiza apo, pali zaluso zatsopano zomwe zitha kuwonedwa pa intaneti kokha. 

Zojambula pa intaneti 

Teremuyo "Net Art" ikufotokoza za kayendedwe kachidule mu 1990s mpaka kumayambiriro kwa 2000s komwe ojambula amagwiritsa ntchito intaneti ngati a sing'anga. Ojambula a digito masiku ano amagwira ntchito pa intaneti. Ojambula otchuka a digito akuphatikizapo Yung Jake ndi Rafael Rozendaal mwa ena. Ngakhale ndizovuta kuwonetsa zaluso zotere, malo osungiramo zinthu zakale monga The Whitney wasonkhanitsa ntchito za digito. Zitsanzo zina zodziwika bwino zaukadaulo waukonde zitha kupezeka Pano.  

Ngakhale luso la intaneti ndi losangalatsa muzatsopano zake, otsutsa ena amatsutsa kuti popeza zakhala zosafunikira, gulu latsopano latenga malo ake. 

Zojambula pa intaneti 

Zojambula zapaintaneti zitha kufotokozedwa ngati zaluso zopangidwa pakanthawi kamphindi kojambula pa intaneti. Zimatengera intaneti ngati yoperekedwa ndikuchoka pamenepo. Ndi ojambula omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira za digito kupanga zinthu zogwirika poyerekeza ndi zojambulajambula zapaintaneti zokha. Ichi ndichifukwa chake zojambulajambula zapaintaneti zimatha kulowa mosavuta m'nyumba zosungiramo njerwa ndi matope. 

mu Sydney Contemporary Panel, Clinton Ng, wosonkhanitsa zojambulajambula wotchuka, anafotokoza luso lazojambula pambuyo pa intaneti monga "zojambula zomwe zimapangidwa ndi chidziwitso cha intaneti." Ojambula amalimbana ndi nkhani zapaintaneti, kuphatikiza chipwirikiti chandale kapena zachuma, zovuta zachilengedwe kapena zovuta zamaganizidwe, popanga zinthu zenizeni pamoyo. Zitsanzo zina zingapezeke Pano. 

Ngakhale zojambulajambula zapaintaneti zitha kupatsidwa mtengo mosavuta kutengera zomwe tafotokozazi, luso la intaneti limasokoneza dongosololi. Kodi mumagula bwanji ntchito yosaoneka? 

Mtengo wandalama wa luso la intaneti motsutsana ndi luso lakale 

Zojambula zamakono zamakono zakula kwambiri pamsika komanso kutchuka kwake. Izi ndichifukwa chakukula kwachuma komanso kutsegulidwa kwa nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale zapadziko lonse lapansi, zojambulajambulandipo mawonetsero azaka ziwiri. Zojambula pa intaneti zakhazikitsanso mabungwe ake. Mawonekedwe m'mabungwewa amawonjezera kufunika kwa zaluso zapaintaneti pamsika wamakono wamakono. Clinton Ng amanena kuti 10 peresenti ya zojambulajambula zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ku Leon ndizojambula pambuyo pa intaneti, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti mawonekedwewa ali ndi phindu muzojambula. Izi sizikusintha zomwe zojambulajambula zomwe sizigwira ntchito bwino m'magalasi ndizovuta kugulitsa, ndiye kuti mtengo waukadaulo wapaintaneti umayesedwa bwanji? 

M’bukuli, A Companion to Digital Art, Annet Dekker akuti, “Sikuti zinthu zakuthupi zimaonedwa kuti n’zamtengo wapatali kwambiri koma makhalidwe amkati mwa zojambulajambula omwe amapatsa wowonera zinthu zinazake.”  

Zikatero, luso la digito lili ndi makhalidwe kunja kwa zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa zomwe ziyenera kupereka mtengo. Joshua Citarella, wojambula wa digito, wotchulidwa mu kuyankhulana ndi Artspace kuti iye, "anaphunzira kuti luso la luso limachokera ku nkhani. Choncho, pa mlingo wa fano, kumene mulibe nkhani zambiri kupatulapo malo, njira yothandiza kwambiri yopangira chinthu kuti chiwerengedwe kukhala chofunikira ndikuchiwonetsera. m'malo ofunikira."  

Pali china chake chamtengo wapatali pa malo omwe chidutswa cha intaneti chimakhala. "Dzina la domain limapangitsa kuti ligulitsidwe," Rafael Rozendaal akuti. Amagulitsa madera a ntchito zake, ndipo dzina la wosonkhanitsa limayikidwa pamutu wamutu. Chidutswa cha luso la intaneti chikakhala chachilendo, mtengo wake ndi waukulu.  

Komabe, kugulitsanso madambwe kumachepetsa mtengo waukadaulo wa intaneti. Webusaiti ndi yovuta kusunga, ndipo ntchito zaluso zitha kusintha kutengera momwe mumasungira. Mosiyana ndi zaluso zowoneka bwino zomwe zimapindula mukachigulitsanso, zaluso zapaintaneti zimataya phindu chifukwa moyo wake umachepa ndikusintha kulikonse pakompyuta. 

Nthawi zambiri, pali malingaliro oti kuyika zaluso pa intaneti kumatsitsa mtengo. Claire Bishop amalemba munkhani yake, Digital Divide, kuti ojambula amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito filimu ya analogi ndi zithunzi zojambulidwa chifukwa zimapanga malonda.  

 

Jeana Lindo, wojambula ku New York, ananena kuti intaneti yachititsa kuti anthu azivutika kusamala za kujambula ngati luso. Iye anati: “Panopa tikuona zithunzi zambiri pa Intaneti kuposa kale. "Ichi ndichifukwa chake ojambula amakono akubwereranso kumafilimu, kotero zithunzi zawo zitha kukhalanso zinthu ndikupeza phindu." 

Kaya ndi zogwirika kapena zosaoneka, “zaluso ndi chinthu chamtengo wapatali. Amagulitsidwa. Ndipo nzeru zimalipidwa mmenemo,” wochita malonda Paul Morris ku TEDxSchechterWestchester zolemba. Mosasamala kanthu kuti mtengo wake umafika pa luso logwirika, Art Internet imatha kugulidwabe mtengo ndikugulitsidwa.  

Funso lochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndilo tanthauzo lake muzojambula ndi kupitirira. Ndi luso labwino kapena china chilichonse? 

The subjective mtengo wa luso 

Titha kuganiza za luso lazojambula m'njira zingapo. Choyamba ndi momwe zimakhalira. Art imangowonetsa nthawi yomwe mukukhalamo. Nazareno Crea, wojambula wa digito ndi zolemba zopanga kuyankhulana ndi Crane.tv. Izi zikutanthauza kuti luso lidzakhala ndi phindu chifukwa cha nkhani yake.  

ngakhale Aaron Seeto, Mtsogoleri wa Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art ku Indonesia akuvomereza kuti "Ojambula abwino kwambiri amapanga zojambulajambula zomwe zimamvera pano ndi pano."  

Nerdwriter wa Youtube amapitanso kunena kuti, "Zomwe timaganiza kuti ndizojambula zazikulu zimayankhula pomalizira pake zomwe timaganiza kuti ndizofunika mu chikhalidwe."  

Zojambula zapaintaneti komanso zapaintaneti zikuwonetsa kuti intaneti yalowa kwambiri m'moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku kotero kuti yakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri lachikhalidwe chathu. Nkhani mu The Guardian akunena kuti chifukwa chachikulu chomwe timapangira ndalama mu zaluso ndi chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chake. Zojambulajambula zimalimbikitsa moyo, zimasangalatsa komanso zimatanthauzira umunthu wathu komanso dziko lathu.  

Pomaliza, Robert Hughes akunena kuti "ntchito zaluso zofunikadi ndizo zimakonzekeretsa tsogolo."  

Kodi zojambulajambula zosaoneka zikutikonzekeretsa bwanji tsogolo? Kodi ndi mauthenga otani amene ali nawo kwa ife lerolino? Kodi mauthenga amenewa amawapangitsa kukhala ofunika motani? 

The subjective value of traditional art 

Mu Western artic canon, chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chimayikidwa luso lomwe ndi chinthu chapadera, chomalizidwa mu nthawi ndi malo enieni. Munkhani yake ya TEDx, Jane Deeth ananena kuti "Timapereka phindu ku luso lomwe likuwonetseratu zinthu zenizeni, maonekedwe okongola a malingaliro ozama, kapena kulinganiza bwino kwa mizere ndi maonekedwe ndi mitundu," ndi kuti ngakhale "Zojambula zamakono sizichita zimenezo." ,” imakhalabe ndi phindu chifukwa imatipangitsa kuganizira mosiyanasiyana mmene luso lajambula limakhudzira ifeyo. 

Mtengo wokhazikika waukadaulo wapambuyo pa intaneti 

Ndi zojambulajambula zapaintaneti, timaganizira za ubale wathu watsopano ndi zithunzi ndi zinthu zolimbikitsidwa ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zapa intaneti. Imakhudzidwa ndi nkhani zokhudzana ndi momwe timalumikizirana ndi chikhalidwe chathu chapaintaneti ya digito. Matanthauzowa ali ndi phindu chifukwa ndi ofunikira, ndichifukwa chake osonkhanitsa amakonda Clinton Ng sonkhanitsani zojambula zapaintaneti. 

Mtengo wokhazikika waukadaulo wapaintaneti 

Nthawi zambiri, malo osungiramo zinthu zakale samawonetsa chidwi chochuluka pazachikhalidwe cha digito, kotero mtengo wawo ukhoza kukhala wotsika poyerekeza ndi zaluso zamasiku ano. Komabe, mtengo weniweni waukadaulo wapaintaneti uli pazomwe zimatipangitsa kulingalira. wolemba wamatsenga akuti zimatithandiza kuwona intaneti. Zimatilimbikitsanso kuganizira momwe sayansi ndi luso lamakono limakhudzira chikhalidwe cha anthu m'dziko lathu lamakono.  

M'mawu ake, Digital Divide, Claire Bishop akunena kuti, "Ngati digito imatanthauza chilichonse chojambula chojambula, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana mbaliyi ndikukayikira malingaliro amtengo wapatali kwambiri a zojambulajambula."  

Kwenikweni, zaluso zapaintaneti zimatikakamiza kuti tionenso zomwe timaganiza kuti ndi zaluso. Kuti awonetsere izi, akatswiri a digito amalingalira zaluso mosiyana. "Ndimadandaula chilichonse chomwe chili chosangalatsa," Rafael Rozendaal akuti. Ngati ndizosangalatsa, ndiye kuti ndi luso. 

Ojambula a digito amasiyananso ndi ojambula ena chifukwa samayika kutsindika pakupanga luso lomwe lingagulitsidwe, koma luso lomwe lingagawidwe mofala. Izi zimapereka phindu lochulukirapo chifukwa kugawana zojambulajambula ndizochita zamagulu. "Ndili ndi kope, ndipo dziko lonse lapansi liri nalo," Rafael Rozendaal limanena.  

Ojambula Paintaneti ngati Rozendaal amapanga maphwando a BYOB (Bring Your Own Bimmer) omwe amagwira ntchito ngati ziwonetsero zaluso pomwe akatswiri amabweretsa mapurojekitala awo ndikuwayika pamipata yoyera, ndikupanga zojambulajambula pozungulira inu. "Ndi intaneti iyi," akutero, "tikhoza kukhala ndi chithandizo cha okalamba olemera, koma tikhoza kukhala ndi omvera omwe amathandiza wojambulayo." Izi zikuwonetsa kuti pali phindu la chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe pobweretsa omvera kunja kwa anthu osankhika kukhala zojambulajambula.  

"Ma social media amawononga anthu osankhika," adatero Aaron Seeto pokambirana Intelligence Squared. Pali tanthauzo pakubweretsa zaluso kuposa omwe angakwanitse, ndipo izi zimapereka luso la intaneti kukhala lofunika kwambiri. Kupatula apo, intaneti ndi njira yolumikizirana ndi anthu monga momwe zilili ukadaulo, ndipo ndimitundu yosiyanasiyana yochezera pa intaneti yomwe imapangitsa kuti ikhale yopindulitsa.