Pamene mzinda ukhala boma

Shanghai Greater ili ndi anthu opitilira 20 miliyoni; Mexico City ndi Mumbai ndi kwawo kwa pafupifupi 20 miliyoni iliyonse. Mizinda imeneyi yakhala yaikulu kuposa mayiko onse padziko lapansi ndipo ikupitiriza kukula mofulumira kwambiri. Kugwira ntchito ngati malo ofunikira azachuma padziko lonse lapansi, komanso kutenga nawo mbali pazokambirana zazikulu zandale zadziko ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi, kukwera kwa mizindayi kukukakamiza kusintha, kapena funso locheperako, mu ubale wawo ndi mayiko omwe alimo.

Mizinda ikuluikulu yambiri padziko lapansi masiku ano imagwira ntchito mosiyana ndi dziko lawo pankhani yazachuma; Njira zazikulu zoyendetsera ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi tsopano zikuchitika pakati pa mizinda yayikulu osati mayiko akulu: London kupita ku New York, New York kupita ku Tokyo, Tokyo kupita ku Singapore.

 Muzu wa mphamvuyi ndi, ndithudi, kukula kwa zomangamanga. Zinthu zazikulu mu geography ndi mizinda yayikulu padziko lonse lapansi zazindikira izi. Iwo akuchita kampeni yokweza magawo a bajeti ya dziko kuti amange ndi kukhazikitsa njira zolimba zamayendedwe ndi nyumba kuti zithandizire anthu akumatauni omwe akuchulukirachulukira.

Mu ichi, mawonekedwe a mzinda wamasiku ano akukumbutsa miyambo ya ku Ulaya ya mizinda monga Rome, Athens, Sparta, ndi Babulo, omwe anali malo a mphamvu, chikhalidwe ndi malonda.

Kalelo, kukwera kwa mizinda kunakakamiza kukwera kwaulimi ndi luso. Mizinda inakhala gwero la kutukuka ndi kukhala mosangalala pamene anthu ambiri amakopeka nawo. M'zaka za zana la 18, 3% ya anthu padziko lapansi amakhala m'mizinda. M'zaka za zana la 19 izi zidakwera mpaka 14%. Pofika mchaka cha 2007 chiwerengerochi chinakwera kufika pa 50% ndipo chikuyembekezeka kukhala 80% pofika chaka cha 2050. Kukwera kwa chiwerengerochi kunatanthauza kuti mizinda ikuyenera kukula ndikugwira ntchito bwino.

Kusintha ubale pakati pa mizinda ndi dziko lawo

Masiku ano, mizinda 25 yapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse ndi imene ili ndi chuma choposa theka la chuma cha padziko lonse. Mizinda isanu ikuluikulu ku India ndi China tsopano ndi 50% ya chuma cha mayiko amenewo. Nagoya-Osaka-Kyoto-Kobe ku Japan akuyembekezeka kukhala ndi anthu 60 miliyoni pofika chaka cha 2015 ndipo ikhala malo opangira mphamvu ku Japan pomwe zotsatira zofananira zikuchitika m'matauni omwe akukula mwachangu monga pakati pa Mumbai. ndi Delhi.

mu pakutieign Affairs nkhani yakuti "The Next Big Thing: Neomedievalism," Parag Khanna, Mtsogoleri wa Global Governance Initiative ku New America Foundation, akutsutsa kuti malingalirowa ayenera kubwereranso. "Masiku ano madera a mizinda 40 okha ndi omwe ali ndi magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu a chuma cha padziko lonse ndi 90 peresenti ya luso lake," akutero, akuwonjezera kuti "gulu la nyenyezi la Hanseatic la zida zankhondo za kumpoto ndi ku Nyanja ya Baltic kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma Middle Ages. adzabadwanso ngati mizinda monga Hamburg ndi Dubai kupanga mgwirizano wamalonda ndikugwira ntchito "malo aulere" ku Africa konse monga momwe Dubai Ports World ikumanga. Onjezani ndalama zodziyimira pawokha komanso makontrakitala ankhondo azinsinsi, ndipo muli ndi magulu andale adziko lakale. ”

Pachifukwa ichi, mizinda idakhalabe boma labwino kwambiri padziko lapansi komanso lokhalamo anthu ambiri: likulu la Syria Damasiko lakhala likulandidwa kuyambira 6300 BCE. Chifukwa cha kusasinthika, kukula, ndi kusokonekera kwaposachedwa komanso kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito a maboma pambuyo pakugwa kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi, kuyang'ana kwamizinda kwakula kwambiri. Momwe angatetezere kuchuluka kwa anthu awo komanso zachuma ndi ndale zonse zomwe zimafunikira, zimakhala vuto lalikulu kuthetsa.

Mfundoyi ikuyimira kuti ngati ndondomeko za dziko - ndondomeko zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zitukuke lonse dziko m'malo mokhala gawo lina lake - limakhala misewu yotchinga malo akumatauni monga Toronto ndi Mumbai, ndiye kuti mizinda yomweyi siyenera kuloledwa kudziyimira pawokha?

Richard Stren, Pulofesa Emeritus wa pa yunivesite ya Toronto’s Department of Political Science and School of Public Policy and Governance, akufotokoza kuti “mizinda [imakhala] yotchuka kwambiri chifukwa mogwirizana ndi dziko lonselo, mizinda imachita bwino kwambiri. Akupanga zochuluka kwambiri pa munthu aliyense kuposa zokolola zamtundu uliwonse. Chifukwa chake atha kunena kuti ndi omwe akuyendetsa chuma mdziko muno. ”

Mu 1993 Zachilendo Nkhani ya mutu wakuti “The Rise of the Region State” inanenedwanso kuti “dziko lakhala gulu losagwira ntchito bwino lomvetsetsa ndi kuyang'anira kayendetsedwe kazachuma komwe kakulamulira dziko lamasiku ano lopanda malire. Opanga mfundo, andale ndi oyang'anira makampani angapindule poyang'ana "madera" - madera azachuma padziko lonse lapansi - kaya agwera kapena kudutsa malire andale."

Kodi tingatsutse kuti pali zambiri zomwe zikuchitika ku London ndi Shanghai kuti boma limodzi ladziko lizitha kuchita mosamala kwambiri? Modziyimira pawokha, "maboma amizinda" amatha kuyang'ana zofuna za anthu onse m'malo mwa zigawo zazikulu zomwe ali.

The Zachilendo Nkhaniyi ikumaliza ndi lingaliro lakuti "ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito, zomangamanga ndi ntchito zaukatswiri, madera akumalo akupanga njira zabwino zolowera chuma chapadziko lonse lapansi. Ngati ataloledwa kuchita zofuna zawo zachuma popanda kusokonezedwa ndi boma mwansanje, kulemerera kwa madera ameneŵa m’kupita kwanthaŵi kudzafalikira.”

Komabe, Pulofesa Stren akuwonetsa kuti lingaliro la mzindawu ndi "losangalatsa kuganiza koma osati zenizeni," makamaka chifukwa alibe malire malinga ndi malamulo. Iye akufotokoza mmene Gawo 92 (8) la malamulo a dziko la Canada limanenera kuti mizinda ili pansi pa ulamuliro wonse wa chigawocho.

"Pali mkangano womwe umati Toronto iyenera kukhala chigawo chifukwa sichipeza zinthu zokwanira m'chigawocho, ngakhalenso boma la federal, zomwe zimafunikira kuti zigwire bwino ntchito. M’malo mwake, imabweza zambiri kuposa zimene imapeza,” akufotokoza motero Pulofesa Stren. 

Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti mizinda imatha kuchita zinthu zimene maboma a mayiko sangachite kapena sangachite m’dera lawo. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa madera osokonekera ku London ndi misonkho yamafuta ku New York ndi zitsanzo ziwiri zotere. Gulu la C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group ndi gulu la mizinda ikuluikulu padziko lonse lapansi lomwe likuchitapo kanthu kuti achepetse kutentha kwa dziko. Ngakhale pakufuna kusintha kwanyengo, mizinda ikugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri kuposa maboma amitundu.

Zochepa za mizinda

Komabe mizinda idakali “yoponderezedwa m’njira imene takhazikitsira malamulo ndi malamulo athu m’madongosolo ambiri padziko lapansi,” akutero Pulofesa Stren. Amapereka chitsanzo cha 2006 City of Toronto Act yomwe idapatsa Toronto mphamvu zina zomwe zidalibe, monga kuthekera kolipiritsa misonkho yatsopano kuti apeze ndalama kuchokera kuzinthu zatsopano. Komabe, anakanidwa ndi akuluakulu a chigawocho.

“Tinayenera kukhala ndi dongosolo losiyana la boma ndi kulinganiza kwa malamulo ndi mathayo osiyana kuti [maboma a mizinda akhalepo],” akutero Profesa Stren. Iye akuwonjezera kuti “zikhoza kuchitika. Mizinda ikukulirakulirabe nthaŵi zonse,” koma “dziko lidzakhala losiyana pamene zimenezo zidzachitika. Mwina mizinda idzalanda mayiko. Mwina ndi zomveka.”

Ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti mizinda yodziyimira pawokha ndi gawo la dongosolo lapadziko lonse lapansi masiku ano. Vatican ndi Monaco ndi mizinda yodziyimira payokha. Hamburg ndi Berlin ndi mizinda yomwe ilinso mayiko. Singapore mwina ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha chigawo chamakono chifukwa zaka makumi anayi ndi zisanu, boma la Singapore lakwanitsa kupititsa patsogolo mzinda waukulu mwakuchita chidwi ndi ndondomeko zoyenera kuchita. Masiku ano ili ndi mtundu wa mzinda womwe wapanga moyo wapamwamba kwambiri ku Asia chifukwa cha zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. 65% ya anthu onse ali ndi intaneti ndipo ili ndi chuma cha 20th padziko lonse lapansi ndi 6th yapamwamba kwambiri pa GDP pa munthu aliyense. Yachita bwino kwambiri m'njira zobiriwira monga ma eco parks ndi mafamu akumatauni oyima, yakhala ikuwona kuchuluka kwa bajeti, ndipo ili ndi moyo wachinayi padziko lonse lapansi.  

Popanda malire ndi maubwenzi a boma ndi federal komanso okhoza kuyankha zofunikira za nzika zake, Singapore imapanga mwayi woti mizinda monga New York, Chicago, London, Barcelona kapena Toronto ipite kumalo omwewo. Kodi mizinda ya m'zaka za zana la 21 ingakhale yodziimira paokha? Kapena kodi Singapore ndi chinthu chosiyana kwambiri, chochokera ku mikangano yayikulu yaufuko ndikuthekera kokha ndi malo ake pachilumba?

"Tikuzindikira mochulukira kuti ali ofunikira komanso ofunikira pachikhalidwe chathu komanso moyo wathu wamagulu komanso moyo wathu wachuma. Tiyenera kuwasamalira kwambiri, koma sindikuganiza kuti akuluakulu aboma angawalole,” akutero Pulofesa Stren.

Mwina izi zili choncho chifukwa mzinda waukulu ngati Toronto kapena Shanghai ndiye malo oyambira dziko lomwe likuyenda bwino pazachuma. Choncho, limagwira ntchito ngati gawo lopindulitsa kwambiri, logwira ntchito komanso lopindulitsa kwambiri pa dziko lonse. Popanda mzinda wapakati uwu, chigawo chonsecho, ngakhale dziko lenilenilo, litha kukhala otsalira.