Amabhethri e-EV ashibhile okwenza izimoto zikagesi zishibhe kunezimoto zegesi

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• January 14, 2022

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

Ukwehla kwezindleko zamabhethri, ikakhulukazi lawo asetshenziswa ezimotweni zikagesi (EVs), kubumba kabusha imboni yezimoto ngokwenza ama-EV athengeke kakhulu kunalawo asebenzisa igesi evamile. Lo mkhuba, obone amanani entengo ebhethri ehla ngamaphesenti angama-88 kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, awusheshi nje ukwamukelwa kwama-EVs kodwa futhi udlala indima ebalulekile ekugudlukeni komhlaba wonke kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Kodwa-ke, lolu shintsho luletha izinselele, njengokushoda kwezinsiza okungaba khona ngenxa yokwanda kwesidingo sezinto zebhethri, isidingo sokuthuthukiswa kwamagridi kagesi akhona, kanye nomthelela wemvelo wokulahlwa kwebhethri nokugaywa kabusha.

Okuqukethwe kwamabhethri e-EV

Izindleko zamabhethri, ikakhulukazi lawo asetshenziswa kuma-EVs, bezilokhu zehla ngenani elidlule izibikezelo zangaphambilini. Njengoba izindleko zokukhiqiza amabhethri ziwa, izindleko zizonke zokukhiqiza ama-EVs nawo ayancipha, okuwenza athengeke kakhulu kunozakwabo benjini evuthayo yangaphakathi (ICE). Uma lo mkhuba uqhubeka, singabona ukwanda okukhulu kokuthengiswa kwe-EV maphakathi nawo-2020. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amanani ebhethri asebone ukwehliswa okukhulu ngamaphesenti angama-88 kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi ama-EV abize kakhulu kunezimoto zegesi ekuqaleni kuka-2022.

Ngo-2020, izindleko ezimaphakathi zephakethe lebhethri le-lithium-ion, umthombo wamandla oyinhloko wama-EVs, lehla laya ku-USD $137 nge-kilowatt-hora (kWh). Lokhu kumele ukwehla ngamaphesenti angu-13 kusukela ngo-2019, ngemva kokulungisa ukwehla kwamandla emali. Intengo yamaphakethe ebhethri yehle ngamaphesenti angama-88 kusukela ngo-2010, okwenza ubuchwepheshe bufinyeleleka kalula futhi bufinyeleleke kalula.

Ukufinyeleleka nokutholakala kwamabhethri amakhulu kungabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekuguqukeni komhlaba wonke kude nezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion, ikakhulukazi, ayingxenye ebalulekile yalolu shintsho. Abagcini nje ngokunika amandla ama-EV, kodwa futhi basebenza umsebenzi obalulekile ezinhlelweni zamandla avuselelekayo. Angagcina amandla akhiqizwe izinjini zomoya namaphaneli elanga, okubalulekile ekwehliseni izinga lesimo esiqhubekayo sale mithombo yamandla avuselelekayo. 

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Kuze kube muva nje, amabhethri abebiza kakhulu ukwenza ama-EV ukuze enze umqondo wezezimali ngaphandle kwegunya noxhaso. Njengoba izintengo zephekhi yebhethri zilinganiselwa ukuthi zizowela ngaphansi kwe-USD $100 kWh ngayinye ngo-2024, kuzobangela izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi ngamabhethri (BEVs) ukuthi ziqhudelane nezimoto ze-ICE ezivamile, ezingaxhasiwe. Njengoba ama-EV eshibhile ukuwakhokhisa futhi cishe azodinga ukulungiswa okuncane kunezimoto ezivamile, azoba inketho ekhangayo kubathengi kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo.

Izimoto zikagesi sezivele ziziphakeme kunezimoto zikaphethiloli ngezindlela eziningi: Zinezindleko eziphansi kakhulu zokulungisa, ukusheshisa, azikhiphi mshini, kanye nezindleko zikaphethiloli eziphansi kakhulu ngemayela. Omunye umkhuba ongase ubaluleke nakakhulu eminyakeni embalwa ezayo ukuhlanganiswa kwamaseli ebhethri ngqo ezimotweni. Intengo yamaseli angenalutho cishe iphansi ngamaphesenti angama-30 kunentengo yephakethe elinamaseli afanayo ngaphakathi.

Izintengo eziphansi zemboni zingabonakala e-China, eyayibophezele izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zamandla okukhiqiza amabhethri omhlaba ngo-2020. Ngokokuqala ngqa, ezinye izinkampani zaseShayina zibike amanani ephakethe lebhethri ngaphansi kwe-USD $100 nge-kWh ngayinye. Amanani aphansi kakhulu bekungamaphakethe amakhulu ebhethri asetshenziswa emabhasini kagesi aseShayina namaloli ebhizinisi. Intengo emaphakathi yamabhethri kulezi zimoto zase-China ibingu-USD $105 kWh ngayinye, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-USD $329 yamabhasi kagesi nezimoto zentengiso emhlabeni wonke.

Imithelela yamabhethri e-EV ashibhile 

Imithelela ebanzi yamabhethri e-EV ashibhile ingase ihlanganise:

• Enye indlela esebenzayo kuzinhlelo zokugcina ezakhelwe inhloso zokukala amandla elanga. 
• Izicelo ezimile zokugcina amandla; isibonelo, ukugcina amandla kumhlinzeki wensiza yamandla.
• Ukwamukelwa okubanzi kwama-EV okuholela ekuncipheni okukhulu kokukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa nokuba negalelo emizamweni yomhlaba wonke yokulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
• Ukukhula kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo njengoba sikhula isidingo sikagesi ohlanzekile ukuze kusetshenziswe lezi zimoto.
• Imisebenzi emisha ekukhiqizeni amabhethri kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda eshajayo.
• Ukuncipha kokusetshenziswa kukawoyela kunciphisa ukungezwani kwezwe kanye nezingxabano ezihlobene nezifunda ezinothile ngowoyela.
• Ingcindezi ekuhlinzekweni kwe-lithium, i-cobalt, namanye amaminerali asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amabhethri okuholela ekushodeleni kwezinsiza okungaba khona kanye nezinkinga ezintsha zezwe.
• Amagridi amandla akhona acindezelwe adinga ukuthuthukiswa nokunwetshwa ingqalasizinda yamandla.
• Ukulahlwa kanye nokugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri e-EV asetshenzisiwe adala izinselelo zemvelo, okudinga amasu nemithethonqubo yokuphatha imfucuza ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinqubo eziphephile nezisimeme.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Yiziphi izinketho zokugaywa kabusha ezikhona zamabhethri emoto kagesi lapho efika ekupheleni kwempilo yawo?
• Hlobo luni lwamabhethri oluzonika amandla ikusasa? Ucabanga ukuthi iyiphi enye indlela engcono kakhulu ye-lithium?