Ingxube yabantu yezilwane: Ingabe ukuziphatha kwethu kufinyelele ugqozi lwethu lwesayensi?

Izwe lanamuhla alikaze libe nezinguquko. Izifo ziye zelashwa, ukuxhunyelelwa kwesikhumba sekufinyeleleke kalula, isayensi yezokwelapha ayikaze ibe namandla kakhulu. Umhlaba wezinganekwane zesayensi kancane kancane uba yiqiniso, ngokuthuthuka okusha ngendlela yezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane. Ikakhulukazi izilwane ezihlanganiswe ne-DNA yomuntu.

Lokhu kungase kungabi namandla njengoba umuntu engase akholelwe. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezingabantu zingamagundane anezitho zofuzo ezithuthukisiwe, noma ezishintshiwe. Esinye sezibonelo zakamuva ezibandakanya amagundane aguqule izakhi zofuzo eziklanyelwe “...ukufunda okulungile nokuntula inkumbulo.” Noma izilwane eziye zashintshwa ngezakhi zofuzo zamasosha omzimba. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuthi amagundane akwazi ukuhlola izifo eziningi ezahlukene ezingelapheki, njenge-HIV.

Naphezu kokusabela kokuqala kokuthemba ithemba ngengxube yabantu nezilwane, kuhlale kunenkinga yezimiso zokuziphatha. Ingabe kuwukuziphatha okuhle nokuziphatha ukudala izinhlobo ezintsha zofuzo, ngenjongo nje yokuhlola? Umbhali, isazi sefilosofi yokuziphatha kanye nosizo lwabantu uPeter Singer ukholelwa ukuthi kudingeka kube noshintsho olukhulu endleleni isintu esiphatha ngayo izilwane. Abanye abacwaningi bokuziphatha bazizwa ngendlela ehlukile. USenator wase-US uSam Brownback, uMbusi waseKansas, uzame ukumisa ucwaningo ngezinhlobo ezixubile zezilwane. UBrownback uthe uhulumeni waseMelika udinga ukumisa lezi “…ama-hybrid freaks womuntu nezilwane. "

Naphezu kokuphikisa okuvela kuSenator Brownback, intuthuko eminingi yezokwelapha yesimanje ibizwa ngokuthi inhlanganisela yezilwane. Nokho kusenezimpikiswano ezingathi sína enkongolose yase-U.S., naphakathi kwezishoshovu zamalungelo ezilwane zokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zingxubevange kufanele kuvunyelwe noma cha.

Isayensi ibilokhu yenza ucwaningo ngezilwane, ibuyela emuva ekhulwini lesithathu leminyaka ngokuhlolwa okwenziwa u-Aristotle no-Erasistratus. Ezinye izindawo zesayensi zidinga ukuhlolwa ngezihloko zokuhlola, ezingafaka izilwane. Lokhu kungaholela kumahybrids ezilwane-abantu njengesinyathelo esilandelayo sokuhlola. Nakuba kunabantu abanomuzwa wokuthi ososayensi badinga nje ukubheka kakhudlwana ukuze bathole ezinye izifundo zokuhlola.

Lezi zilwane zibizwa ngokuthi ama-hybrids kungenxa yokuthi izazi ze-bio-geneticists zithatha ingxenye eqondile ye-DNA yomuntu futhi ziyihlanganise ne-DNA yezilwane. Emvelweni entsha izakhi zofuzo ezivela kuzo zombili izinto eziphilayo zokuqala ziyavezwa, kwakheka ingxubevange. Lezi zingxubevange zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlola ngokumelene nezinkinga eziningi zezokwelapha.

Isibonelo salokhu yimiphumela eshicilelwe yi-International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Report (IAVI), inkampani ebhekene ngqo nokushicilelwa kocwaningo lomgomo we-AIDS. Babika ukuthi inzalo yezilwane, kuleli cala amagundane abantu, “Ososayensi baphinde baklama amagundane enziwe abantu abonakala ephindaphinda ukuphikelela kwe-HIV kuma-reserve amaseli e-CD4+ T asanda kutheleleka. Amagundane anjalo kungenzeka abonakale ewusizo ocwaningweni lokwelapha i-HIV.”

The Ithimba labacwaningi be-IAVI ngenkathi benyusa isibalo sama-bNAbs saba amahlanu, leli gciwane lalingakabuyeli kumagundane ayisikhombisa kwayisishiyagalombili ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili.” Ukukubeka ngembaba, ngaphandle kwezilwane eziyingxube ezingahlolwa kubacwaningi ngeke bakwazi ukwenza izivivinyo ngempumelelo. Ngokucubungula ukuthi yimaphi amasosha omzimba e-HIV-1 okufanele aqondiswe kuwo nokuthi yimuphi umthamo okufanele anikezwe wona, athathe isinyathelo sokuthola ikhambi le-HIV.

Naphezu kwentuthuko izilwane eziyingxube eziye zavumela isayensi ukuba yenze, kunabantu abathile abakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuwukuxhashazwa. Izazi zefilosofi yezimiso zokuziphatha, njengoPeter Singer, ziye zaphikisana ngokuthi uma izilwane zizwa injabulo nobuhlungu, futhi zibambe ubukhona, izilwane kufanele zinikezwe amalungelo afanayo nanoma yimuphi umuntu. Encwadini yakhe ethi “Ukukhululwa Kwezilwane” Umculi uthi uma into ingahlupheka kusho ukuthi ifanelwe wukuphila. Umbono owodwa ohamba phambili owalethwa nguSinger ekulweni nonya lwezilwane umqondo wokuthi  izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. "

I-Speciesism yilapho umuntu enikeza inani elithile kuhlobo oluthile ngaphezu kwezinye. Lokhu kungasho ukuthi uhlobo lubhekwa kakhulu noma ngaphansi kunezinye izinhlobo. Lo mbono uvame ukuvela lapho usebenza namaqembu amaningi alwela amalungelo ezilwane. Amanye ala maqembu anomuzwa wokuthi asikho isilwane okufanele silinyazwe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyiluphi uhlobo. Yilapho amaqembu afana ne-P.E.T.A. futhi ososayensi bayehluka. Iqembu elilodwa likholelwa ukuthi akukhona ukuziphatha okuhle ukuhlola izilwane, kanti elinye likholelwa ukuthi kungase kube izimiso zokuziphatha.

Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi kungani kunokuhlukana okungaka phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo zamaqembu, umuntu udinga isipiliyoni kanye nokuqonda okuhle kwezimiso zokuziphatha. UDkt. Robert Basso, usihlalo weBhodi Lokuziphatha eWilfrid Laurier University eWaterloo, e-Ontario ungumuntu onjalo. UBasso uthi izimiso zokuziphatha azihlali zinezinguquko ezinkulu. Kuthatha isikhathi futhi abantu abaningi ukwenza izinqumo ngokucophelela ukuze noma yiliphi iqembu labacwaningi lifinyelele esiphethweni sezimiso zokuziphatha. Lokhu kuya kunoma yiluphi ucwaningo noma ukuhlolwa kwesayensi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuhilela izilwane noma cha.

UBasso uphinde wathi "umbono othandwayo wabantu ngokuvamile awucatshangelwa lapho kuthathwa izinqumo zokuziphatha." Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ososayensi bafuna ucwaningo lwabo luqondiswe yizidingo zesayensi, kunokuba luqondiswe yizidingo zomphakathi. Nokho uBasso uveze ukuthi “imihlahlandlela yethu ivuselela ukubuyekezwa njalo ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi yonke into ilungile. Njalo eminyakeni embalwa siyabuyekeza futhi sikhiqize enye isethi yemihlahlandlela yocwaningo lwethu.”

U-Basso uyaphawula ukuthi akekho umcwaningi ophuma endleleni yokulimaza, lokho kungaphula amalungelo okuziphatha abantu nezilwane. Uma ingozi ike yenzeke ngokuvamile inqubo yokuqoqwa kwedatha iyama, kanye nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo. U-Basso uqhubeka echaza ukuthi abantu abaningi bangangena ku-inthanethi futhi bathole ukuthi ziyini izimiso zokuziphatha zamaqembu abacwaningi. Ezimweni eziningi abantu bangabashayela ucingo, futhi babuze imibuzo ukuze baphendule noma yikuphi ukukhathazeka okungenzeka babe nakho. I-Basso izama ukukhombisa abantu ukuthi ucwaningo lomphakathi wesayensi lwenziwa ngezinjongo ezinhle kakhulu, futhi ngokuziphatha okuhle ngangokunokwenzeka.  

 Ngeshwa, njengazo zonke izinto ezihilela ukuziphatha, abantu bazoba nemibono ehlukene. UJacob Ritums, umthandi wezilwane oshisekayo, uyaqonda ukuthi izilwane zidinga amalungelo futhi akufanele zihlolwe. Kodwa ngendlela exakile akakwazi ukusiza kodwa ukusekela isayensi. “Angifuni ukuba kube nezilwane ezihluphekayo,” kusho uRitums. Uqhuba ngokuthi “kodwa kufanele siqonde ukuthi ukwelapha izinto ezifana ne-HIV noma ukumisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zomdlavuza kufanele kwenzeke.”

I-Ritums igcizelela ukuthi abantu abaningi, njengaye, baphuma endleleni yokusiza izilwane, futhi baqede unya olukhulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Nokho ngezinye izikhathi kufanele ubheke isithombe esikhulu. Ritmus uthi, “Nginomuzwa wokuthi akukho lutho okufanele luvivinywe ngonya hhayi kubantu, hhayi ezilwaneni, nakunoma yini, kodwa ngingayivimba kanjani indlela yokwelapha i-HIV engase ibe khona noma ngikhulise izitho ezingase zibe khona ukuze ngisindise ukuphila.”

Ama-Ritum angenza lukhulu ukusiza noma yisiphi isilwane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyingxube noma cha. Kodwa uveza ukuthi uma ikhona indlela yokuqeda izifo kumele ilandelwe. Ukusebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ukuhlola kungasindisa izimpilo eziningi. Ritmus uthi, “Ngingase ngingabi umuntu ohluzeke ngokwedlulele kodwa kungaba okungalungile ukungazami okungenani ukulandela ezinye zezenzo ezimangalisayo ezingase ziholele kuzo ucwaningo lwezilwane eziyingxube yabantu.”