Koleji yosankha: Kodi ili ndi mwayi wamtsogolo?

Chisankho cha pulezidenti waku America chimachitika zaka zinayi zilizonse. Mavuto omwe anthu ali nawo ndi Electoral College akuyimira zambiri- atha kukhudza kuchuluka kwa ovota, kukhulupirira maboma, komanso chikhulupiriro cha ovota m'tsogolo la dziko lawo. 

America yagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la zisankho ngati njira yosankha pulezidenti wake kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ndiye nchifukwa chiyani pali chipwirikiti posachedwapa motsutsana ndi dongosolo lodziwika bwinoli? A Donald Trump apeza kale nthawi ya pulezidenti kwa zaka zinayi zikubwerazi, komabe pakhala chipwirikiti chadzidzidzi chotsutsa dongosolo lomwe linamusankha, komanso oyimira pulezidenti ena m'mbuyomu. Chifukwa chiyani ovota aku America akulankhula mosalekeza za kuchotsa Electoral College yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito, ndipo kodi kunyoza kumeneku kudzatha kusintha zisankho zomwe zikubwera?

Chisankho chotsatira cha pulezidenti sichidzachitika mpaka November 2020. Iyi ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri kwa nzika ndi ndale zomwe zikulimbana kuti zithetse koleji ya zisankho. Zoyesayesa ndi zoyesayesa zomwe ovota okhudzidwa akuchita kuti apandukire ndondomekoyi ziyamba tsopano, ndipo zipitirirabe kukhudza dziko la ndale mpaka chisankho chotsatira mu 2020 ndi kupitirira.

Momwe koleji yamasankho imagwirira ntchito

Ku Electoral College, dziko lililonse limapatsidwa ake chiwerengero cha mavoti ake, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu m'boma. Ndi izi, madera ang'onoang'ono, mwachitsanzo, Hawaii pamavoti 4, ali ndi mavoti ocheperapo kuposa mayiko omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri, monga California pa mavoti 55.

Asanachite zisankho, oponya zisankho, kapena oyimilira zisankho, amasankhidwa ndi chipani chilichonse. Ovota akafika pachisankho, amasankha munthu yemwe akufuna kuti zisankhidwe m'malo mwa boma lawo.

Kuvuta kwa dongosololi kokha ndikokwanira kulepheretsa ovota kuchirikiza mwamphamvu. Ndizovuta kuzimvetsa, ndipo kwa ambiri, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti ovota avomereze kuti si iwo omwe amavotera omwe akufuna. 

Malingaliro oponderezedwa

Pamene zizindikiro za udzu ndi zomwe zimamveka pa TV zimalimbikitsa nzika kuvota, ovotawa amayenera kukhulupirira kuti zikhulupiriro zawo ndizofunikira ndipo zisankho zimafunikira malingaliro awo kuti apange chisankho pa munthu amene akufuna kusankhidwa. Pamene ovota akusankha omwe akufuna kuwathandiza, akuyembekeza kuti wosankhidwayo akhoza kukwaniritsa zofuna zawo zandale ndikuthandizira kuti ziyembekezo zawo zamtsogolo zidzakwaniritsidwe. 

Pamene Electoral College ikuwona wopambana kukhala wosankhidwa yemwe sanalandire mavoti ambiri, ovota amawona kuti mavoti awo anali osavomerezeka ndipo amawona koleji ya zisankho ngati njira yosayenera yosankha pulezidenti. Ovota amakonda kuganiza kuti njira zamkati za Electoral College zimasankha purezidenti, osati malingaliro odziwika a ovota okha.

Zotsatira zotsutsana za chisankho cha pulezidenti wa November 2016 zikuwonetsa ndondomekoyi. Ngakhale a Donald Trump adalandira mavoti ochepera 631,000 kuposa Clinton, adakwanitsa kupeza utsogoleri, popeza adalandira mavoti ambiri. 

Zochitika zam'mbuyo

November 2016 sichinali chisankho choyamba cha ku America chomwe pulezidenti wosankhidwa sanapeze mavoti ambiri ndi mavoti otchuka. Zinachitika katatu m'zaka za m'ma 1800, koma posachedwa, November 2000 nayenso anali ndi chisankho chotsutsana pamene George W. Bush adapeza chisankho ndi mavoti ochulukirapo, komabe wotsutsa wake, Al Gore, adapambana mavoti ambiri.

Kwa ovota ambiri, chisankho cha November 2016 chinali mbiri yobwerezabwereza, popeza njira sizinatengedwe pofuna kulepheretsa zomwe zinachitika pa chisankho cha Bush-Gore kuti chisachitikenso. Ambiri adayamba kudzimva kuti alibe mphamvu zovota komanso amakayikira ngati mavoti awo ali ndi chikoka chothandizira chisankho chapurezidenti. M'malo mwake, izi zidalimbikitsa anthu kuti aganizire njira yatsopano yovotera apurezidenti amtsogolo. 

Anthu ambiri aku America tsopano akufunitsitsa kukhazikitsa kusintha kokhazikika momwe dziko limavotera purezidenti, kuchepetsa mwayi woti izi zichitikenso mtsogolo. Ngakhale palibe zosintha zomwe zachitika bwino, ovota akuwonetsa kulimbikira kukakamira kuti zisinthe chisankho chapurezidenti chisanachitike mu 2020 chisanachitike.

Zovuta pa dongosolo

Electoral College yakhala ikusewera kuyambira Constitutional Convention. Popeza dongosololi linakhazikitsidwa mkati mwa kusintha kwa malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, kusintha kwina kuyenera kuperekedwa kuti asinthe kapena kuthetseratu koleji ya masankho. Kupititsa, kusintha, kapena kusokoneza kusintha kungakhale njira yovuta, chifukwa imadalira mgwirizano pakati pa purezidenti ndi Congress.

Mamembala a Congress ayesa kale kutsogolera kusintha kwa mavoti. Woimira Steve Cohen (D-TN) adalimbikitsa kuti kuvota kotchuka ndi njira yamphamvu yowonetsetsa kuti anthu ali ndi mavoti otsimikizika kuti awayimire, ndikulimbikitsa kuti "Electoral College ndi dongosolo lachikale lomwe linakhazikitsidwa pofuna kuletsa nzika kuti zisasankhe mwachindunji pulezidenti wa dziko lathu, komabe lingalirolo ndilotsutsana ndi kumvetsetsa kwathu demokalase,".

Senator Barbara Boxer (D-CA) adaganiza zokhazikitsa malamulo omenyera mavoti odziwika kuti awone zotsatira za chisankho pa Electoral College, ponena kuti. "Iyi ndi ofesi yokhayo m'dziko momwe mungapeze mavoti ambiri ndikutaya utsogoleri. Bungwe la Electoral College ndi dongosolo lachikale, lopanda demokalase lomwe silikuwonetseratu chikhalidwe chathu chamakono, ndipo liyenera kusintha mwamsanga."

Ovota akumva chimodzimodzi. Kafukufuku pa gallup.com akuwonetsa momwe anthu 6 mwa 10 aku America angakonde mavoti otchuka kuposa Electoral College. Zomwe zidachitika mu 2013, kafukufukuyu adalemba malingaliro a anthu patangotha ​​​​chaka chimodzi pambuyo pa chisankho chapurezidenti cha 2012. 

Andale ndi anthu ovota amatenga nawo mbali pachisankho chitangochitika ndipo kenako amalankhula maganizo awo kwa anthu.

Ena atembenukira ku intaneti kuti athandizire, kupanga zopempha zapaintaneti kuti zigawidwe kuchokera kwa munthu kupita kwa munthu, ndi siginecha yamagetsi yoyimira chithandizo chamunthu. Pakali pano pali zopempha pa MoveOn.org yokhala ndi siginecha pafupifupi 550,000, pomwe wolemba zodandaula Michael Baer akuti cholinga chake ndi  "kusintha malamulo kuti athetse Electoral College. Chitani zisankho zapulezidenti potengera mavoti ambiri”. Palinso pempho lina pa DailyKos.com lomwe lili ndi anthu pafupifupi 800,000 kuti athandizire kuvota kotchuka kukhala chomwe chikuwonetsa.

Zomwe zingatheke 

Ngakhale kuti ena amaona kuti Electoral College imachepetsa mphamvu ya voti yotchuka, pali zina zosakwanira mkati mwa dongosolo lino zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu asakonde. 

Ichi chinali chisankho choyamba chomwe ndinakwaniritsa zaka zofunikira kuti ndivote. Ndinkadziwa nthawi zonse kuti koleji yamasankho inali chiyani, koma popeza ndinali ndisanavotepo, ndinali ndisanamvepo mwamphamvu kapena kutsutsana nayo. 

Ndinkavota usiku kwambiri, nthawi yokhayo yomwe ophunzira ambiri otanganidwa amatha kupita kukavota. Ndinamva anzanga ena kumbuyo kwanga akunena kuti akuona kuti mavoti awo alibe kanthu. Monga momwe dziko lathu la New York limavotera munthu wa demokalase, anzanga adadandaula kuti adaneneratu kuti mavoti athu amphindi zomaliza adzakhala ochepa. Iwo adadandaula kuti mavoti ambiri ku New York adaponyedwa pofika pano, ndipo popeza Electoral College imaletsa dziko lililonse kuti likhale ndi mavoti omwe adakonzeratu, kunali usiku kwambiri kuti mavoti athu apereke kapena kusintha zotsatira zake.

Zovota zaku New York zikadatsegukirabe kwa theka la ola panthawiyo, koma ndizowona- Electoral College imapereka mwayi kwa ovota- mavoti okwanira atayidwa, boma lasankha omwe osankhidwa ake adzavotere, ndi ena onse. mavoti omwe akubwera ndi ochepa. Komabe, zisankho zimagwirabe ntchito mpaka nthawi yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kale, nthawi zambiri 9pm, kutanthauza kuti anthu apitilize kuvota ngati boma latsimikiza kale kuti ndi ndani amene adzasankhe.

Ngati izi zikhudza magulu ang'onoang'ono a ophunzira aku koleji, zimakhudzanso magulu akuluakulu- matauni, mizinda, ndi madera odzazidwa ndi ovota omwe amamva chimodzimodzi. Anthu akadziwa kuti mavoti awo sangaganizidwe mozama pa chisankho cha pulezidenti, amangokhulupirira kuti mavoti awo ndi osafunika ndipo amakhumudwitsidwa kuti adzavote pazisankho zamtsogolo.