Ikolishi lokhetho: Ngabe liyithuba lekusasa?

Ukhetho lukamongameli waseMelika lwenzeka njalo eminyakeni emine. Izinkinga umphakathi onazo nge-Electoral College zimelela okuningi kakhulu- kungaba nomthelela ekuphumeni kwabavoti, ukwethembela kwabavoti kuhulumeni, nokholo lwabavoti ngekusasa lezwe labo. 

IMelika isebenzise uhlelo lokhetho njengendlela yokukhetha umongameli wayo amakhulu eminyaka, pho kungani kunesiphithiphithi esingaka muva nje ngokumelene nalolu hlelo olujwayelekile? UDonald Trump usevele wathola ihlandla likamongameli eminyakeni emine ezayo, nokho kuke kwaba nesiphithiphithi esiphikisa uhlelo olwamkhetha, kanye nabanye abangenele ukhetho lukamongameli esikhathini esedlule. Kungani abavoti baseMelika bekhuluma into engapheli mayelana nokuqeda i-Electoral College eyisebenzisayo, futhi ingabe lokhu kuphikisa kuzokwazi ukwenza izinguquko okhethweni oluzayo?

Ukhetho lukamongameli olulandelayo ngeke lube khona kuze kube uNovemba 2020.  Lesi yisikhathi eside uma kuqhathaniswa nezakhamuzi nosopolitiki abalwela ukuqeda ikolishi lokhetho. Imizamo nezinyathelo ezenziwa abavoti abathintekayo zokuvukela le nqubomgomo iqala manje, futhi izoqhubeka nokuthinta umhlaba wezepolitiki kuze kube wukhetho oluzayo ngo-2020 nangale kwalokho.

Lisebenza kanjani ikolishi lokhetho

E-Electoral College, isifunda ngasinye sabelwe sona inombolo yakhe yamavoti okhetho, okunqunywa ubukhulu bomphakathi bombuso. Ngalokhu, izifunda ezincane, ngokwesibonelo, iHawaii kumavoti okhetho ama-4, inamavoti ambalwa kakhulu kunezifunda ezinabantu abaningi, njengeCalifornia ngamavoti angama-55.

Ngaphambi kokuvota, abavoti, noma abamele ukhetho, bakhethwa yiqembu ngalinye. Lapho abavoti befika okhethweni, basuke bekhetha umuntu abafisa abavoti bavotele izwe labo.

Ubunkimbinkimbi balolu hlelo lulodwa kwanele ukuvimba abavoti ukuthi balusekele ngentshiseko. Kunzima ukukuqonda, futhi kwabaningi, kuba nzima nakakhulu ukuthi abavoti bamukele ukuthi akubona abavotela abantu babo ngokuqondile. 

Imizwa yokucindezelwa

Lapho izimpawu zotshani kanye nalokho okuzwakala ku-TV kukhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuthi zivote, laba bavoti babekwa esimweni sokukholelwa ukuthi izindinganiso zabo zibalulekile futhi izinhlolo-vo zidinga imibono yazo ukuze zenze isinqumo ngomuntu ozongenela ukhetho. Njengoba abavoti bekhetha ukuthi bazomeseka bani, banethemba lokuthi lowo ozongenela ukhetho angafeza izifiso zabo zezombusazwe futhi asize amathemba abo ngekusasa afezeke. 

Lapho i-Electoral College ibheka owinile njengomuntu ongazange athole iningi lamavoti athandwayo, abavoti banomuzwa wokuthi amavoti abo ayengavumelekile futhi babheka ikolishi lokhetho njengendlela engathandeki yokukhetha umongameli. Abavoti bathambekele ekubeni nomuzwa wokuthi izindlela zangaphakathi ze-Electoral College zinquma umongameli, hhayi imibono ethandwayo yabavoti abathintekayo ngokwabo.

Umphumela ophikisanayo wokhetho lukamongameli lwangoNovemba 2016 ubonisa le phethini. Phezu kokuba uDonald Trump ethole amavoti angaphansi kuka-631,000 kunoClinton, ukwazile ukuthola isikhundla sikamongameli, njengoba ethole amavoti amaningi okhetho. 

Izehlakalo zangaphambilini

NgoNovemba 2016 kwakungelona ukhetho lokuqala lwaseMelika lapho umongameli okhethiwe engazange abuthe iningi lamavoti okhetho nathandwayo. Kwenzeka kathathu ngeminyaka yawo-1800, kodwa kamuva nje, ngoNovemba 2000 naye waba nokhetho olunezingxabano lapho uGeorge W. Bush eqinisekisa ukhetho ngamavoti amaningi okhetho, nokho ophikisana naye, u-Al Gore, wawina ivoti elidumile.

Kubavoti abaningi, ukhetho lwangoLwezi wezi-2016 bekuwumlando oziphindayo, njengoba bekungakathathwa izinyathelo zokuvimbela okwenzeka okhethweni lwaseBush-Gore ukuthi lungaphinde lwenzeke. Abaningi baqala ukuzizwa bengenawo amandla ekhonweni labo lokuvota futhi benokungabaza uma amavoti abo enomthelela omkhulu ekufakeni isandla esinqumweni sikamongameli. Kunalokho, lo mphumela ugqugquzele umphakathi ukuthi ucabangele isu elisha lokuvota komongameli bakusasa. 

Abaningi baseMelika manje sebemagange ukwenza ushintsho oluhlala njalo endleleni izwe elivotela ngayo umongameli, ukunciphisa amathuba okuba lokhu kwenzeke futhi esikhathini esizayo. Yize kungekho zibuyekezo eziphumelele ukuphasiswa futhi zenziwe, abavoti bakhombisa ukuphikelela befuna uguquko ngaphambi kokhetho lukamongameli oluzayo ngo-2020.

Izinselelo ohlelweni

I-Electoral College ibilokhu idlala kusukela ku-Constitutional Convention. Njengoba uhlelo  lwasungulwa ngaphakathi kokuchitshiyelwa komthethosisekelo, kuzodingeka ukuthi kuphasiswe esinye isichibiyelo ukuze kushintshwe noma kuqedwe ikolishi lokhetho. Ukuphasisa, ukuguqula, noma ukuchitha isichibiyelo kungaba yinqubo eyisicefe, njengoba kuncike ekubambisaneni phakathi kukamongameli noKhongolose.

Amalungu eCongress asevele azama ukuhola izinguquko ohlelweni lokuvota. Ummeleli uSteve Cohen (D-TN) unxuse ukuthi ivoti elidumile liyindlela eqinile yokuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bathola amavoti aqinisekisiwe okubamela, enxusa ukuthi "I-Electoral College iwuhlelo lwakudala olwasungulwa ukuze luvimbele izakhamuzi ekukhetheni ngokuqondile umongameli wesizwe sethu, kodwa lowo mbono uphambene nokuqonda kwethu intando yeningi,".

USenator uBarbara Boxer (D-CA) useze wahlongoza umthetho wokulwela ivoti labantu ukuze kunqunywe imiphumela yokhetho nge-Electoral College, ephawula ukuthi "leli ukuphela kwehhovisi ezweni lapho ungathola khona amavoti amaningi futhi ulahlekelwe ubumongameli.  I-Electoral College iwuhlelo oluphelelwe yisikhathi, olungenademokhrasi olungabonisi umphakathi wethu wesimanje, futhi kufanele luguquke ngokushesha."

Abavoti bazizwa ngendlela efanayo. Inhlolovo ku-gallup.com ikhombisa ukuthi abantu baseMelika abayisi-6 kwabayi-10 bangakhetha kanjani ivoti elidumile kune-Electoral College. Lolu cwaningo olwenziwe ngo-2013, luqopha imibono yomphakathi ngonyaka owodwa kuphela ngemuva kokhetho lukamongameli lwango-2012. 

Osopolitiki nabavoti ngokufanayo bahlanganyela ngemva nje kokhetho futhi kamuva bazwakalise imibono yabo phambi komphakathi.

Abanye baze baphendukela ku-inthanethi ukuze basekele ukwesekwa, bakha izikhalazo eziku-inthanethi ukuze zisakazwe kumuntu nomuntu, ngesiginesha ye-elekthronikhi emele ukwesekwa komuntu ngamunye. Njengamanje kunezikhalazo ku-MoveOn.org ezicishe zifinyelele ku-550,000, lapho umbhali wezikhalazo uMichael Baer ethi inhloso yakho  “chibiyela umthethosisekelo ukuze kuqedwe i-Electoral College. Bamba ukhetho lukamongameli ngokusekelwe evotini elidumile”. Kukhona esinye isicelo ku-DailyKos.com esinabantu abacela ku-800,000 abeseka ivoti elidumile okuyilona elinqumayo.

Imiphumela engaba khona 

Nakuba abanye benomuzwa wokuthi i-Electoral College ibukela phansi amandla evoti elidumile, kukhona okunye okungalungile ngaphakathi kwalolu hlelo olunomthelela ekungathandwa kwayo. 

Lolu bekuwukhetho lokuqala lapho ngahlangabezana nemfuneko yeminyaka yobudala ukuze ngivote. Ngangihlale ngazi ukuthi ikolishi lokhetho laliyini, kodwa njengoba ngangingakaze ngivote ngaphambili, ngangingakazizwa nginamandla noma ngimelene nalo. 

Bengivota kwaze kwahlwa, okuwukuphela kwesikhathi iningi labafundi abamatasa abebengaya ngaso okhethweni. Ngizwe abanye ontanga yami ngemuva kwami ​​belandelana bethi babona sengathi amavoti abo awasho lutho. Njengoba isifunda sethu saseNew York ngokwesiko sivotela umuntu ongenele ukhetho lweDemocratic Alliance, ontanga yami bakhononda ngokuthi babikezele ukuthi amavoti ethu omzuzu wokugcina abe mancane. Bakhala ngokuthi iningi lamavoti aseNew York asephothuliwe manje, futhi njengoba i-Electoral College ikhawulela izwe ngalinye enanini lalo lamavoti okhetho amisiwe, bese kusebusuku kakhulu ukuthi amavoti ethu anikele noma ahlehlise umphumela.

Ukuvota kwaseNew York lusazovulwa enye ingxenye yehora ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa kuyiqiniso- I-Electoral College ihlinzeka ngesilinganiso sabavoti- uma sekuphonswe amavoti anele, umbuso unqume ukuthi abavoti bawo bazovotela bani, kanye nensalela. amavoti angenayo mancane kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ama-poll ahlala esebenza kuze kube isikhathi esinqunyiwe ngaphambilini, ngokuvamile ngo-9 ebusuku, okusho ukuthi abantu bangaqhubeka nokuvota ukuthi umbuso usuvele unqume ukuthi iyiphi ikhandidethi abavoti bawo abazoyisekela.

Uma le phethini ithinta amaqembu amancane abafundi basekolishi, ngokuqinisekile ithinta namaqembu amakhulu- amadolobha, amadolobha, nezifunda ezigcwele abavoti abazizwa ngendlela efanayo. Lapho abantu befunda ukuthi amavoti abo angase acatshangelwe kancane esinqumweni sikamongameli, babekwa esimweni sokukholelwa ukuthi amavoti abo awabalulekile futhi bayadumazeka ukuvota okhethweni oluzayo.