Zinsinsi Zachilengedwe: Kuteteza kugawana kwa DNA

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• Dzina la wolemba

  Quantumrun Foresight
• November 25, 2022

Chidule cha chidziwitso

Mabanki a Biobank ndi makampani oyesa zaukadaulo apangitsa kuti nkhokwe za majini zipezeke. Zachilengedwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zipeze chithandizo cha khansa, matenda osowa majini, ndi matenda ena osiyanasiyana. Komabe, zachinsinsi za DNA zitha kuperekedwa nsembe m'dzina la kafukufuku wasayansi.

Zinsinsi za Biological

Zinsinsi za biological ndizovuta kwambiri munthawi ya kafukufuku wapamwamba wa majini komanso kuyesa kofala kwa DNA. Lingaliroli limayang'ana kwambiri pakuteteza zidziwitso za anthu omwe amapereka zitsanzo za DNA, kuphatikiza kasamalidwe ka chilolezo chawo pakugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusunga zitsanzozi. Chifukwa chochulukirachulukira chogwiritsira ntchito nkhokwe za majini, pakufunika kufunikira kwa malamulo achinsinsi osinthidwa kuti ateteze ufulu wamunthu. Kuphatikizika kwa chidziwitso cha majini kumabweretsa vuto lalikulu, chifukwa chibadwa chake chimakhala chogwirizana ndi zomwe munthu ali nazo ndipo sichingasiyanitsidwe ndi kuzindikiritsa mawonekedwe, kupangitsa kuti kuzindikirika kukhala ntchito yovuta.

Ku US, malamulo ena aboma amayang'anira kasamalidwe ka zidziwitso za majini, koma palibe amene amapangidwa kuti agwirizane ndi zinsinsi zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2008, imayang'anira tsankho lotengera chidziwitso cha majini. Imaletsa tsankho mu inshuwaransi yaumoyo ndi zosankha zantchito koma sizimawonjezera chitetezo chake ku inshuwaransi ya moyo, kulumala, kapena inshuwaransi yanthawi yayitali. 

Lamulo lina lofunikira kwambiri ndi Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), lomwe lidasinthidwa mu 2013 kuti liphatikizepo zambiri zama genetic pansi pa gulu lake la Protected Health Information (PHI). Ngakhale izi zikuphatikizidwa, kuchuluka kwa HIPAA kumangokhala kwa opereka chithandizo chamankhwala choyambirira, monga zipatala ndi zipatala, ndipo sikupitilira ntchito zoyezetsa majini pa intaneti monga 23andMe. Kusiyana kumeneku m'malamulo kukuwonetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito mautumikiwa sangakhale ndi chitetezo chachinsinsi chofanana ndi odwala omwe ali m'malo azachipatala. 

Zosokoneza

Chifukwa cha izi, mayiko ena aku US akhazikitsa malamulo okhwima komanso omveka bwino achinsinsi. Mwachitsanzo, California idapereka Genetic Information Privacy Act mu 2022, yoletsa makampani oyesa chibadwa kwa ogula (D2C) monga 23andMe ndi Ancestry. Lamuloli limafuna chilolezo chodziwikiratu kuti DNA igwiritsidwe ntchito pofufuza kapena mapangano a chipani chachitatu.

Kuphatikiza apo, chinyengo chonyenga kapena kuwopseza anthu kuti apereke chilolezo ndi choletsedwa. Makasitomala atha kupemphanso kuti deta yawo ichotsedwe komanso zitsanzo zilizonse zowonongeka ndi lamuloli. Pakadali pano, Maryland ndi Montana adapereka malamulo azamalamulo omwe amafuna kuti akuluakulu aboma apeze chikalata chofufuzira asanawone nkhokwe za DNA zofufuza milandu. 

Komabe, pali zovuta zina pakuteteza zinsinsi zachilengedwe. Pali nkhawa zokhudzana ndi chinsinsi chachipatala. Mwachitsanzo, pamene anthu akuyenera kulola kuti apeze zolemba zawo zaumoyo potengera zilolezo zambiri komanso zosafunikira. Zitsanzo ndi pamene munthu amayenera kusaina kaye chikalata chodziwitsa zachipatala asanalembe mapindu a boma kapena kupeza inshuwaransi ya moyo wake.

Chizoloŵezi china chomwe chinsinsi chachilengedwe chimakhala chotuwa ndikuwunika kobadwa kumene. Malamulo a boma amafuna kuti ana onse obadwa kumene apimidwe matenda osachepera 21 kuti athandizidwe msanga. Akatswiri ena akuda nkhawa kuti izi posachedwapa ziphatikizapo zinthu zomwe siziwonekera mpaka munthu wamkulu kapena alibe chithandizo chilichonse chodziwika.

Zotsatira zachinsinsi chachilengedwe

Zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri zachinsinsi zachilengedwe zitha kukhala: 

• Mabungwe ofufuza ndi makampani opanga sayansi yazachilengedwe omwe akufuna chilolezo chodziwikiratu kuchokera kwa opereka ndalama kuti afufuze motengera DNA ndi kusonkhanitsa deta.
• Magulu omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe akufuna kusonkhanitsa kwa DNA koyendetsedwa ndi boma kuti kukhale kowonekera komanso koyenera.
• Maiko aboma monga Russia ndi China akupanga mbiri yawo yochokera ku ma DNA awo akuluakulu kuti adziwe bwino anthu omwe ali oyenerera ntchito zina zaboma, monga usilikali.
• Mayiko ambiri aku US akukhazikitsa malamulo osungira zinsinsi zamtundu uliwonse; komabe, popeza izi sizikhala zokhazikika, zitha kukhala ndi malingaliro osiyana kapena zotsutsana.
• Mabungwe azamalamulo mwayi wopeza ma data a DNA akuletsedwa kuti aletse apolisi opitilira muyeso kapena kulosera apolisi komwe kumapangitsanso tsankho.
• Matekinoloje omwe akubwera mu genetics omwe amalimbikitsa mabizinesi atsopano mu inshuwaransi ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo, pomwe makampani atha kupereka mapulani amunthu malinga ndi mbiri yawo.
• Magulu olimbikitsa ogula amachulukitsa kukakamiza kuti alembe zilembo zomveka bwino komanso kuvomereza ma protocol pazogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito majini, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuwonekera kwambiri pamsika wa biotechnology.
• Maboma padziko lonse lapansi akuganizira mfundo za makhalidwe abwino ndi ndondomeko zoyendetsera chibadwa pofuna kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa deta komanso kuteteza ufulu wa anthu.

Mafunso oyenera kuwaganizira

• Ngati mwapereka zitsanzo za DNA kapena mwamaliza kuyesa majini pa intaneti, kodi mfundo zachinsinsi zinali zotani?
• Nanga maboma angateteze bwanji zinsinsi za nzika?