Imikhumbi eqhubekayo: Indlela eya ekuthunyelweni kwamazwe ngamazwe okungakhiphi

• About the Author:
• Igama lomlobi

  I-Quantumrun Foresight
• Mashi 24, 2022

Isifinyezo sokuqonda

Ukuzibophezela kweNhlangano Yezasolwandle Yamazwe Ngamazwe (i-IMO) yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esingcolisa umoya emikhunjini ngowezi-2050 kuqondisa le mboni ibheke ekusaseni elihlanzekile. Lolu shintsho lubandakanya ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhumbi esimeme, ukuhlolwa kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo njengomoya nelanga, kanye nokuqaliswa kwemithethonqubo yokunciphisa ukungcola okuyingozi njenge-NOx ne-SOx. Imithelela yesikhathi eside yalezi zinguquko ihlanganisa uguquko ekwakhiweni kwemikhumbi, ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha, ukuhwebelana komhlaba wonke, imifelandawonye yezepolitiki, kanye nokuqwashisa umphakathi.

Imikhumbi eqinile umongo

Ngo-2018, i-ejensi yeZizwe Ezihlangene (UN) i-IMO yazibophezela ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa emikhunjini cishe ngamaphesenti angu-50 ngo-2050. Inhloso eyinhloko ye-IMO ukuthuthukisa nokugcina uhlaka lokulawula oluphelele lwemikhumbi yamazwe ngamazwe. Lesi sinyathelo singase sibone ukuthi abakhokhi bentela bahlangabezana nezinhlawulo ezinzima, izinkokhelo ezikhushuliwe, namathuba ezezimali angamukeleki kangako. Kungenjalo, abatshalizimali emikhunjini esimeme bangase bazuze ezinhlelweni ezisimeme zokuxhasa ngezimali.

Njengamanje, imikhumbi eminingi inikwa amandla ngamafutha enziwe ngezinto ezimbiwa phansi, aphumela ekukhishweni kwamagesi abamba ukushisa. Umbono wamanje uzoshintsha njengoba i-IMO ithuthukise Ingqungquthela Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yokuvimbela Ukungcola Emikhumbini (i-MARPOL), umhlangano obalulekile wokuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwemikhumbi ngokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi esimeme. I-MARPOL ihlanganisa ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa komoya emikhunjini, igunyaza abahlanganyeli bemboni ukuthi batshale imali kuma-scrubber noma bashintshele kumafutha athobelayo.

Ukushintshela ekuthuthweni kwemikhumbi okusimeme akuyona nje imfuneko yokulawula kodwa kuyimpendulo esidingweni somhlaba wonke sokunciphisa ukungcola okuyingozi. Ngokusebenzisa le mithethonqubo, i-IMO ikhuthaza imboni yezokuthutha ukuthi ihlole eminye imithombo yamandla kanye nobuchwepheshe. Izinkampani ezijwayela lezi zinguquko zingase zizithole zisesimweni esivumayo, kuyilapho lezo ezihlulekayo ukuhambisana nazo zingase zibhekane nezinselele. 

Umthelela ophazamisayo

Imboni yemikhumbi yamazwe ngamazwe, ebhekele ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe angaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-80, inikela ngamaphesenti amabili kuphela okukhishwa kwesikhutha emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa-ke, imboni ikhipha ama-aerosols, i-nitrogen oxides (NOx) kanye ne-sulphur oxides (SOx), emoyeni nasezitsheni eziphuma olwandle, okuholela ekungcoleni komoya kanye nokulimala olwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhumbi eminingi yabahwebi yenziwe ngensimbi esindayo esikhundleni se-aluminum elula futhi ayizihluphi ngezinyathelo zokonga amandla, njengokubuyiswa kokushisa kwemfucuza noma ukumbozwa kwesikhumba okushayisana kancane.

Imikhumbi esimeme yakhiwe phezu kwamandla avuselelekayo njengomoya, ilanga, namabhethri. Nakuba imikhumbi esimeme ingase ingasebenzi kuze kube ngu-2030, imiklamo emincane emincane ingase inciphise ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Isibonelo, i-International Transportation Forum (ITF) ibike ukuthi uma ubuchwepheshe bamanje obaziwayo bamandla avuselelekayo busetshenziswa, imboni yezokuthutha ingafinyelela kumaphesenti angama-95 wokuqeda ikhabhoni ngo-2035.

I-European Union (EU) ibilokhu ikhulumela isikhathi eside ukuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi kwamazwe ngamazwe okusimeme. Isibonelo, ngo-2013, i-EU yasungula i-Shipping Recycling Regulation ekugayweni kabusha komkhumbi okuphephile nokuzwakalayo. Futhi, ngo-2015, i-EU yamukela i-Regulation (EU) 2015/757 mayelana nokuqapha, ukubika, nokuqinisekisa (i-EU MRV) yokukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ekuthuthweni kwasolwandle. 

Imithelela yemikhumbi esimeme

Imithelela ebanzi yemikhumbi esimeme ingase ihlanganise:

• Ukuthuthukiswa kwemiklamo yenoveli embonini yokwakha imikhumbi njengoba abaklami befuna ukuhlola izindlela zokwakha imikhumbi esimeme esebenza kahle kakhulu, okuholela ekushintsheni kumazinga nezinqubo zemboni.
• Ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuhamba ezisekelwe olwandle zokuthutha umphakathi kanye nemikhumbi yezentengiselwano uma iphrofayili yayo yekhabhoni ephansi isifinyelelwe emashumini eminyaka ezayo, okuholela ekuguqulweni kwengqalasizinda yezokuthutha kanye nokuhlelwa kwamadolobha.
• Ukuphasiswa kwezimiso eziqinile ezikhishwayo kanye namazinga okungcola emikhunjini yasolwandle ngeminyaka yawo-2030 njengoba izimboni ezihlukahlukene zicindezela ukwamukelwa kwemikhumbi eluhlaza, okuholela embonini yasolwandle elawulwa kakhulu futhi enakekela imvelo.
• Ukushintsha kwezidingo zabasebenzi embonini yezokuthutha kubheke ezindimeni ezikhethekile kwezobuchwepheshe obuqhubekayo nobunjiniyela, okuholela emathubeni amasha emisebenzi kanye nezinselelo ezingaba khona ekuqeqeshweni kabusha kwabasebenzi.
• Ukukhuphuka kwezindleko okungaba khona okuhambisana nokuhambisana nemithetho emisha yezemvelo, okuholela ezinguqukweni zamasu entengo nemithelela engaba khona ekuhwebeni komhlaba.
• Ukuvela kwemifelandawonye emisha yezombangazwe kanye nezingxabano mayelana nokuphoqelelwa nokulandelwa kwemithetho yezolwandle yamazwe ngamazwe, okuholela ekushintsheni okungaba khona ekubuseni komhlaba wonke nasekukhulumeni.
• Ukugxila kakhulu emfundweni nasekuqwashiseni umphakathi mayelana nezinqubo ezisimeme zokuthumela ngemikhumbi, okuholela ekusakhamuzini esinolwazi futhi esizibandakanyayo esingase sibe nomthelela ekuziphatheni kwabathengi nasezinqumweni zenqubomgomo.
• Amathuba okuthi imiphakathi yasogwini ithole ikhwalithi yomoya ethuthukisiwe kanye nezinzuzo zezempilo ngenxa yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-NOx ne-SOx.

Imibuzo okufanele icatshangelwe

• Ucabanga ukuthi izindleko zokukhiqiza nokusebenza kwemikhumbi esimeme zizoba zincane noma zibe nkulu kunezemikhumbi evamile?
• Ucabanga ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kwemikhumbi esimeme, mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamandla, kuzoba kuncane noma kuphakeme kunemikhumbi evamile?